综述与专论: 基于核酸适配体的细胞外囊泡分离分析方法

细胞外囊泡通过参与细胞间通讯,在诸多生理病理过程中发挥着重要作用。因此,细胞外囊泡的分离分析对理解其生物学功能以及发展基于囊泡的疾病诊疗方法具有重要价值。细胞外囊泡的高效分离以及高灵敏可靠检测很大程度上取决于识别配体。核酸适配体是一类高效、特异结合其靶标分子的单链寡核苷酸。核酸适配体的易修饰和可程序化设计等特征,使其成为细胞外囊泡分离和分析的理想识别配体。为提高细胞外囊泡的分离效率,研究者们提出多种策略用于提升核酸适配体的亲和力,以及界面与细胞外囊泡的接触几率。此外,分离不同亚型的细胞外囊泡有助于理解细胞外囊泡的生物学意义。在细胞外囊泡分析方面,根据核酸适配体与细胞外囊泡识别信号的转导方式不同,分为电化学、可视化、表面增强拉曼光谱、荧光法等方法。本文综述了核酸适配体的筛选以及其在细胞外囊泡分离和分析中的最新进展、挑战及未来方向。

Review: Aptamer-based Isolation and Analysis Methods for Extracellular Vesicles

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play an important role in many physiological and pathological processes by participating in intercellular communication. Therefore, the isolation and analysis of EVs have a great value for understanding their biological functions and developing EV-based diagnosis and treatment methods for diseases. The efficient isolation and highly sensitive and reliable detection of EVs largely depend on the recognition ligands. Aptamers are a type of single stranded oligonucleotides that can efficiently and specifically bind to their targets. Their merits of easy modification and programmability make them ideal recognition ligands for EV isolation and analysis. To improve the isolation efficiency of EVs, various strategies have been proposed to enhance the affinity of aptamers and the contact probability between interfaces and EVs. In addition, the isolation of EV subtypes helps to understand the biological significance of EVs. In terms of EV analysis, methods such as electrochemistry, visualization, surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and fluorescence were developed, according to the transduction modes of the recognition signals of aptamers and EVs. This review summarizes recent progress, challenges, and future directions in the selection of aptamers and their applications in EV isolation and analysis.