Therapeutic application of rTMS in neurodegenerative and movement disorders: A review |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece;2. B’ Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece;1. Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States;2. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States;3. Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States;1. Institute of Movement and Neuroscience, German Sports University, Cologne, Germany;2. Faculty of Medical Engineering and Technomathematics, FH Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Aachen, Germany;1. Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan;2. Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan;1. Human Motor Systems Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Av. Professor Mello Moraes, 65, Butantã, São Paulo 05508-030, Brazil;2. Biomedical Engineering, Federal University of ABC, Av. da Universidade, Anchieta, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo 09606-045, Brazil |
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| Abstract: | Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive form of brain stimulation that makes use of the magnetic field generated when an electric current passes through a magnetic coil placed over the scalp. It can be applied as a single stimulus at a time, in pairs of stimuli, or repetitively in trains of stimuli (repetitive TMS, rTMS). RTMS can induce changes in brain activity, whose after-effects reflect the processes of long-term potentiation and long-term depression, as certain protocols, namely those using low frequencies (≤1 Hz) seem to suppress cortical excitability, while those using high frequencies (>1 Hz) seem to enhance it. It is a technique with very few and mostly mild side-effects, whose effects can persist for long time periods, and as such, it has been studied as a potential treatment option in a multitude of neurodegenerative diseases, including those affecting movement. Although rTMS has received approval as a treatment strategy of only a few aspects in movement disorders in the latest guidelines, its further use seems to also be promising in their context. In this review, we gathered the available literature on the therapeutic application of rTMS in movement disorders, namely Parkinson’s disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Huntington’s disease, Dystonia, Tic disorders and Essential Tremor. |
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| Keywords: | rTMS Movement disorders Neurodegenerative disorders Neurodegeneration |
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