综述与专论: 核酸适配体在肾癌中的应用

肾癌是泌尿系统最常见的肿瘤之一，发病率呈上升趋势。肾细胞癌作为肾脏肿瘤的主要类型，具有较高的局部浸润和远处转移的频率，约33%~50%的肾细胞癌患者在发现时已发生转移。由于肾细胞癌早期无特异性体征和症状，主要治疗手段是手术切除，对放化疗不敏感，治疗手段有限，因此肾细胞癌的早期诊断能够大大提高肾细胞癌有效治疗的机会，对于肾癌的有效治疗具有十分重要的意义。核酸适配体是通过指数富集的配体系统进化技术（systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment，SELEX），从核酸分子文库中得到的寡核苷酸片段，能够选择性地与小分子配体或高亲和力的蛋白质靶标结合，对靶分子或细胞具有较高的亲和力和特异性，目前已广泛应用于肿瘤影像学诊断及靶向治疗中。本文主要综述了与肾癌相关的核酸适配体，并对于适配体在肾癌诊疗中的应用进行了总结和讨论。

Review: The Application of Aptamers in Renal Carcinoma

Renal carcinoma is one of the most common tumors in the urinary system, and its incidence is on the rise. Renal cell carcinoma, as the main type of renal tumor, has a high frequency of local invasion and distant metastasis, and about 33% to 50% of patients with renal cell carcinoma have metastases at the time of discovery. Since there are no specific signs and symptoms in the early stage of renal cell carcinoma, the main treatment is surgical resection, insensitive to radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and the therapeutic means are limited, the early diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma can greatly improve the chances of effective treatment of renal cell carcinoma, which is of great significance for the effective treatment of renal cell carcinoma. Aptamers are oligonucleotide fragments obtained from nucleic acid molecular libraries by systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX). It can selectively bind to small molecular ligands or high affinity protein targets, and has high affinity and specificity to target molecules or cells, and has been widely used in tumor imaging diagnosis and targeted therapy. This article mainly reviews the aptamers related to renal cancer, and summarizes and discusses the application of aptamers in the diagnosis and treatment of renal carcinoma.