Foraging behaviour of the whitefly parasitoidEncarsia formosa on tomato leaflets |
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Authors: | H J W van Roermund and J C van Lenteren |
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Institution: | (1) Department of Entomology, Wageningen Agricultural University (WAU), P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, The Netherlands;(2) Department of Theoretical Production Ecology (WAU), P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, The Netherlands |
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Abstract: | IndividualEncarsia formosa parasitoids were observed continuously until the parasitoids flew away, either on clean tomato leaflets, on leaflets with
honeydew, or on leaflets with unparasitized and parasitized whitefly larvae. Encounters with unparasitized and parasitized
whitefly larvae, and contact with honeydew arrested the parasitoids on the leaflet. The walking speed increased linearly from
0.179 to 0.529 mm/s between 15 and 25–30°C. The walking activity showed another relationship with temperature: it was below
10% at 15 and 18°C, and increased to about 75% at 20, 25 and 30°C. It was not affected by host encounters or by 1 to 4 ovipositions.
The total handling time of hosts was between 1.8–21.8% of the total time on the leaflet. Self-superparasitism was not observed.
Conspecific-superparasitism did occur in 14% of the encounters with hosts containing a parasitoid egg, but was not observed
anymore when the parasitoid egg had hatched. Experienced parasitoids superparasitized as often as naive females. The foraging
behaviour ofE. formosa from landing on a leaf until departure has now been quantified and is discussed. |
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Keywords: | foraging behaviour parasitoid Encarsia formosa Trialeurodes vaporariorum handling time walking activity walking speed success ratio |
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