Narrow endemics to Mediterranean islands: Moderate genetic diversity but narrow climatic niche of the ancient,critically endangered Naufraga (Apiaceae) |
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| Institution: | 1. Real Jardín Botánico (RJB-CSIC), Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014 Madrid, Spain;2. Institut Mediterrani d‘Estudis Avançats (CSIC-UIB), Miquel Marqués 21, 07190 Esporles, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain;1. Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Avignon Université, Marseille, France;2. Laboratoire Image Ville Environnement (LIVE), Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France;3. Laboratoire Caractérisation Génomique des Plantes, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph, Mar Roukoz, Mkalles, Lebanon;4. Natural History Museum Rijeka, Lorenzov prolaz 1, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;5. University of Primorska, Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, Glagoljaška 8, SI-6000 Koper, Slovenia;6. Centro Conservazione Biodiversità, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy;1. DISTAV, Polo Botanico Hanbury, Università degli Studi di Genova, C.so Dogali 1M, I-16136 Genova, Italy;2. Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via La Pira 4, I-50121 Firenze, Italy;3. Department of Science for Nature and Environmental Resources, University of Sassari, Via Piandanna 4, I-07100 Sassari, Italy;1. Botany Department, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL 60605, USA;2. The Morton Arboretum, 4100 Illinois Route 53, Lisle, IL 60532, USA;3. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA;1. Centro Conservazione Biodiversità (CCB), Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell''Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Viale S. Ignazio da Laconi 11-13, 09123, Cagliari, Italy;2. Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, “Sapienza” Università di Roma, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy;1. Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, 31-512 Kraków, Poland;2. Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland |
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| Abstract: | Narrow endemics constitute the cornerstone of Mediterranean plant diversity. Naufraga balearica (Apiaceae) is a critically endangered, extremely narrow endemic plant from the western Mediterranean island of Majorca. Because the species belongs to a monotypic genus, N. balearica was hypothesized to be a palaeoendemism. Here we conducted phylogenetic dating, population genetic and climatic niche analyses in order to understand the evolutionary history and conservation perspectives of this flagship species. Phylogenetic dating analysis of nuclear and plastid DNA sequences revealed a late Miocene to early Pliocene divergence between Naufraga and its sister genus Apium, supporting the palaeoendemic status of the former. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers and plastid DNA sequences of the five Naufraga populations revealed moderate genetic diversity. This diversity is in line with that of other palaeoendemisms from western Mediterranean islands, as revealed by a comparison with 22 other narrow endemic species from this region. Despite the fact that all Naufraga populations are located at a maximum distance of 10 km in a straight line, a strikingly strong population differentiation was found for AFLP markers, which is explained by long-term isolation likely related to short-range pollination and dispersal strategies of the species. While the species is not genetically impoverished, species distribution modelling and microclimatic monitoring revealed that narrow ecological requirements underlie the current extreme rarity of Naufraga and may jeopardize its long-term survival. Our results indicate that a multidisciplinary approach provides powerful tools to develop conservation strategies for evolutionarily singular lineages. |
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| Keywords: | Palaeoendemism Amplified fragment length polymorphism Plastid DNA haplotypes Species distribution modelling Balearic Islands Apiaceae |
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