Tree species composition rather than diversity triggers associational resistance to the pine processionary moth |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Univ. Bordeaux, UMR1202, BIOGECO, F-33400 Talence, France;2. INRA, UMR1202, BIOGECO, F-33610 Cestas, France;3. European Forest Institute, EFI Atlantic, 33610 Cestas, France;1. Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Schleusenstrasse 1, 26382 Wilhemshaven, Germany;2. Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 100 Ecology Building, 1987 Upper Buford Circle, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA;3. German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;4. Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands;1. Forest & Nature Lab, Department Forest and Water Management, Ghent University, Geraardsbergse Steenweg 267, B-9090 Gontrode, Belgium;2. Terrestrial Ecology Unit (TEREC), Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium;3. School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK;1. Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Departamento de Biología y Geología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, c/Tulipán s/n, E-28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain;2. Laboratorio de Sanidad Forestal, Servicio Provincial de Agricultura, Ganadería y Medio Ambiente de Teruel, Diputación General de Aragón, c/Agustín Planas Sancho 10, E-44400 Mora de Rubielos, Teruel, Spain;3. Grupo de Ecología Terrestre, Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain;4. Servicio de Sanidad Forestal y Equilibrios Biológicos, Dirección General de Sanidad de la Producción Agraria, Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente, c/Almagro 33, E-28010 Madrid, Spain |
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| Abstract: | The reduction of insect herbivory is one of the services provided by tree diversity in forest ecosystems. While it is increasingly acknowledged that the compositional characteristics of tree species assemblages play a major role in triggering associational resistance to herbivores, underlying mechanisms are less well known. We addressed this question in the ORPHEE experiment by assessing pine processionary moth infestations (Thaumetopoea pityocampa) across a tree diversity gradient from pine monocultures to five species mixtures. We showed that tree species richness per se had no effect on the probability of attack by this pest. By contrast, the infestation rate was strongly dependent on plot composition. Mixtures of pines (Pinus pinaster) and birches (Betula pendula) were less prone to T. pityocampa infestations, whereas mixtures of pines and oaks (Quercus spp.) were more often attacked than pine monocultures. By taking into account the relative height of pines and associated broadleaved species, this effect could be explained by pine apparency. Pines were on average 343 ± 5 cm height. Birches, as fast growing trees, were slightly taller than pines (363 ± 6 cm), while oak trees were significantly smaller (74 ± 1 cm). Host trees of T. pityocampa were then partly hidden in mixtures of pines and birches but more apparent in mixtures with oaks. We suggest that reduced pine apparency disrupted visual cues used by female moths to select host trees prior to oviposition. This study highlights the need to take into account tree traits such as growth rate when selecting the tree species that have to be associated in order to improve forest resistance to pest insects. |
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| Keywords: | Associational resistance Biodiversity Forest Herbivory ORPHEE Tree apparency Tree height |
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