Diversification rate shifts in the Cape Floristic Region: The right traits in the right place at the right time |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA;2. Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna A-1030, Austria;3. School of Natural Sciences, Black Hills State University, Spearfish, SD 57799, USA;4. Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, Plaza de Murillo 2, Madrid 28014, Spain;5. Department of Botany and Molecular Evolution, Research Institute Senckenberg and J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main D-60325, Germany;6. Australian Tropical Herbarium, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia;7. GenXPro, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany;8. Department of Biology, Rhodes College, Memphis, TN 38112, USA;9. Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom;10. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama;11. Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA;12. Department of Biology, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI 49401, USA;13. Marie Selby Botanical Gardens, Sarasota, FL 34236, USA;14. Gardens By The Bay, National Parks Board Headquarters, Singapore 259569, Singapore;15. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;1. Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University, Sweden;2. Bert Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Sweden;3. Forschungsstelle für Paläobotanik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany;4. Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa;5. Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa;6. Department of Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology, Stockholm University, Sweden;7. Department of Applied Environmental Sciences (ITM), Stockholm University, Sweden;8. Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Sweden;1. State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing 200093, China;2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China;3. Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, MO 63166-0299, USA;4. Department of Paleontology, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;1. Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Apartado Postal 63, C.P. 91000, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico;2. Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ap. Postal 70-275, México Distrito Federal 04510, Mexico;1. Unité “Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés” (EDYSAN, FRE 3498 CNRS-UPJV), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 1 rue des Louvels, F-80037 Amiens Cedex 1, France;2. Université de Bangui, Cerphameta, BP 1450 Bangui, République Centrafricaine;3. UR B&SEF, CIRAD, Campus International de Baillarguet, F-34398 Montpellier, France;1. Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, PR China;2. Department of Biology, Duke University, Box 90338, BioSci 130 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27708, USA;3. Department of Botany, Oklahoma State University, 301 Physical Science, Stillwater, OK 74078-3013, USA;4. Department of Biological Sciences, New York City College of Technology, The City University of New York, 300 Jay Street, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA |
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| Abstract: | Species diversity patterns are the product of diversification rate variation, but the factors influencing changes in diversification rates are poorly known. Radiation is thought to be the result of ecological opportunity: the right traits in the right environment at the right time. We test this in the Cape Floristic Region (CFR) of South Africa, in which pyrophytic heathland (fynbos) and non-pyrophytic Afromontane forest occur interdigitated. We infer transitions from forest to fynbos in three Cape clades (Penaeaceae, Phyliceae and Diosmeae) and test if they are associated with diversification rate shifts and the evolution of functional traits linked to fire, high insolation and seasonal drought. We estimate diversification rate shifts using maximum likelihood and use phylogenetic comparative methods to show that forest to fynbos shifts were associated with decreases in leaf area and specific leaf area and preceded or coincided with increases in diversification rates. Furthermore, we show that Penaeaceae, Phyliceae and Diosmeae species are typical members of their vegetation types in terms of their traits. The diversification rate shifts of Penaeaceae and Phyliceae are dated to the Miocene, when postulated aridification-driven changes in the CFR fire regimes may have triggered expansion of the fynbos at the cost of forest, providing an ecological opportunity for the diversification of fynbos lineages. |
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| Keywords: | Afromontane forest Cape flora Fynbos Mediterranean type ecosystem Sclerophylly Specific leaf area |
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