不同水分和氮素处理对寒地水稻生育及产量的影响

为了探讨不同水分和氮素处理对寒地水稻生长发育及产量的影响,以水稻品种空育131、龙粳21为试验材料,于2010—2011年度在黑龙江建三江进行水分、氮素处理大田试验,水分为雨养、间歇灌溉、水层灌溉3个水平,氮素为不施氮、常规施氮(112—135 kg/hm2)、高氮(142—173 kg/hm2)3个水平。结果表明:与水层灌溉相比,雨养水稻生育期缩短1—5 d,生长指标明显降低,产量显著降低,间歇灌溉水稻生育期、生长指标与其相似,产量差异不显著。与常规施氮相比,不施氮生育期缩短2—5 d,高氮条件下延长2—4 d;施氮量增加,生长指标增大,产量显著增加;低氮条件下,水分不足的限制作用明显,高氮能一定程度弥补水分的限制,促进水稻生长。增加施氮量及灌溉水平可以显著地提高有效穗数、每穗粒数。在试验条件下,水氮互作效应不显著。间歇灌溉及高氮管理具有较好的增产效应及资源利用率,研究可为寒地水稻生产进行水氮科学管理、实现高产高效提供理论依据。

Effects of water and nitrogen on growth, development and yield of rice in cold area of Northeast China

To understand the effects of water and nitrogen (N) fertilizer on growth, development and yield of rice, experiments with three irrigation treatments (rainfed, intermittent, continued flooding) and three N applications (0 kg/hm², 112-135 kg/hm², 142-173 kg/ hm²) were implemented in a randomized complete block design at Jiansanjiang experimental station in Heilongjiang province from 2010 to 2011. The results showed that crop development stages of panicle initiation, flowing and mature under rainfed treatment were 1-5 days shorter, and growth index and yield were significantly decreased, while that for intermittent irrigation were not significant, compared to continued flooding irrigation. Compared to convential N application (112-135 kg/hm²), crop development stages of panicle initiation, flowing and mature were 2-5 days shorter for treatment without N, but those stages were prolonged 2-4 days at high N application. Crop yield and growth index were increased significantly with N dose. Under low nitrogen input, water stress was obvious, while high nitrogen input could compensate crop growth due to loss by water stress. Effective panicle number and grain number per panicle were significantly increased with N and water supply. Intermittent irrigation and high N application showed a potential to achieve high yield and high resource use efficiency. This study could provide a theoretical basis for irrigation and fertilization of rice in cold area.