五大连池火山熔岩地貌苔藓植物对土壤养分积累的作用

为了解五大连池火山熔岩地貌土壤主要矿质养分含量及其特点,同时探讨苔藓植物对土壤养分积累的影响,选取了6座形成年代不同的火山,对其进行了苔藓植物生境分布、盖度调查及土壤养分含量的测定。结果表明:(1)西焦得布山、卧虎山、南格拉球山、莫拉布山等老期火山阔叶林下苔藓种类匮乏,其盖度1%;老期火山石塘林苔藓种类较丰富,盖度可达10%—15%,主要分布有毛尖紫萼藓、山羽藓、美灰藓、虎尾藓等石生藓类,同时还有石缝藓、卷叶凤尾藓等生于石缝内。(2)新期火山中老黑山的林下以垂枝藓为优势种,盖度可达50%—80%,常见伴生种有山羽藓、狭叶小羽藓、金灰藓、毛尖紫萼藓等。老黑山火山砾生境以砂藓为优势种,盖度可达45%;常见伴生种有垂枝藓、美灰藓、真藓、桧叶金发藓等。(3)新期火山中的火烧山上分布的苔藓以毛尖紫萼藓、垂枝藓、美灰藓等干燥石生藓类为主,盖度为10%左右,峭壁背阴处和石缝等小生境中分布有密叶三瓣苔、毛尖金发藓、桧叶金发藓等。(4)土壤N、P、K三大营养元素含量在老期火山土壤中基本上都为丰;全N、S、有机质含量在新期火山土壤中的含量最低,有随火山形成年代的增加而升高的趋势;全K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn、B含量在新期火山土壤中都最高,有随年代的增加而减少的趋势;全Mn和Cl含量在新期火山土壤中较高,也随年代的增加而有下降的趋势;全P的量在各火山土壤中的含量都较高,没有明显的变化趋势;新期火山土壤p H值高于老期火山,土壤酸碱反应总体上呈中性。(5)土壤全N、S含量与有机质含量,全K含量与全Mg、Fe含量,全Mg含量与全Fe含量呈极显著正相关(P0.01);全S含量和有机质含量具有显著正相关性(P0.05);全N含量与全K含量呈极显著负相关(P0.01);全N与全Zn,全K、S与有机质,全Ca与Cl,全S与全Zn,全Zn与有机质含量间具有显著的负相关性(P0.05)。(6)表面有苔藓植物覆盖的火烧山土壤所含N、S、P、有机质等的含量高于火山砾;老黑山路边土壤养分含量几乎都低于林下样品,老黑山表面覆盖有垂枝藓、山羽藓、砂藓和桧叶金发藓的火山砾所含N、S、有机质的含量高于只有砂藓覆盖的火山砾。

The effect of bryophytes on nutrient accumulation in surface soil in the Wudalianchi volcanic area

Studying the content and characteristics of soil nutrients and the bryophytes community is crucial to revealing the soil nutrition conditions and the effect of bryophytes on soil nutrient accumulation. In our study we selected Laoheishan, Huoshaoshan, Xijiaodebushan, Wohushan, Nangelaqiushan and Molaushan volcanoes as sampling plots. Laoheishan and Huoshaoshan are new-period volcanoes and the rest are old volcanoes. We arranged 15 quadrats to investigate the habitat distribution and coverage of bryophytes; and tested for total N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Zn, B, Cl, soil organic matter and pH values in ten surface soil/lapilli samples (0-20cm) collected from those sampling plots.The research results showed that: (1) Bryophyte species were deficient under broadleaf forest on old volcanoes,with coverage of under 1%. There were some common species like Entodon compressus C. Muell., Myuroclada maximowiczii (Borszcz.) Steer et Schof., Taxiphyllum taxirameum (Mitt.) Fleisch. distributed in humid habitats. Bryophyte species were abundant in old stone forests. There, not only distributed epilithic mosses like Grimmia pilifera P.Beauv., Abietinella abietina (Hedw.) Fleisch., Hedwigia ciliata (Hedw.) Ehrh. ex P. Beauv., Eurohypnum leptothallum (C.Muell.) Ando; but also many distributed geophilous mosses like Saelania glaucescens (Hedw.) Broth. ex. Bom. et Broth., Fissidens cristatus Wils. ex Mitt. and so on. (2) Rhytidium rugosum (Hedw.) Kindb. was the dominant species under Laoheishan volcano forest with coverage of 50%-80%. Abietinella abietina, Weissia edentula Mitt., Haplocladium angustifolium (Hamp.et C.Muell.) Broth., Haplocladium microphyllum (Hedw.) Broth., Pylaisiella polyantha (Hedw.) Grout, Grimmia pilifera, were common accompanying species in this habitat. Racomitrium canescens (Hedw.) Brid. was the dominant species of lapilli habitat on Laoheishan volcano with coverage of 45%. Eurohypnum leptothallum, Rytidium rugosum, Polytrichum juniperinum Hedw., Bryum argenteum Hedw., Bryum uliginosum (Brid.) B.S.G. were common accompanying species in this habitat. (3) The dominant species on Huoshaoshan volcano were Rytidium rugosum, Grimmia pilifera, Eurohypnum leptothallum, Polytrichum piliferum Hedw. and Tritomaria quinquedentata (Huds.) Buch, which were distributed in shady spots in cliffs or rock crevices. (4) The total N, S, and organic matter were lowest in the soil collected from new-period volcanoes; while in contrast, the total K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, B, Mn and Cl were highest in new-period volcanic soil. The pH value of new-period volcanic soil was also higher than old volcanic soil. Total P in the different soil samples had no significant differences. The total N, P, S, Cl, and organic matter in volcanic soil were higher than in lapilli. (5) The total N had a significantly positive correlation with total S and soil organic matter; total K with total Mg and total Fe, and total Mg with total Fe also had significantly positive correlations (P < 0.01). Total S has a positive correlation with soil organic matter (P < 0.05). Total N has a significantly negative correlation with total K. Total N with total Zn; total K, S, and soil organic matter; total Ca with Cl; total S with total Zn; total Zn with soil organic matter also had negative correlations (P < 0.05). (6) The N, S, P and organic matter from Huoshaoshan which were covered by bryophytes are higher than those of lapilli. The nutrient contents of roadside soil were less than values obtained from samples from Laoheishan forest, except for Ca and Zn. The N, S and organic matter of samples from Laoheishan which were covered by Rytidium rugosum, Abietinella abietina, Racomitrium canescens, Polytrichum juniperinum, are all higher than the sample which was only covered by Racomitrium canescens.