Chromosome‐scale pseudomolecules refined by optical,physical and genetic maps in flax |
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Authors: | Frank M You Jin Xiao Pingchuan Li Zhen Yao Gaofeng Jia Liqiang He Tingting Zhu Ming‐Cheng Luo Xiue Wang Michael K Deyholos Sylvie Cloutier |
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Institution: | 1. Morden Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, Morden, MB, Canada;2. State Key Lab of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China;3. Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada;4. Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA;5. University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada;6. Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada |
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Abstract: | Genomes of varying sizes have been sequenced with next‐generation sequencing platforms. However, most reference sequences include draft unordered scaffolds containing chimeras caused by mis‐scaffolding. A BioNano genome (BNG) optical map was constructed to improve the previously sequenced flax genome (Linum usitatissimum L., 2n = 30, about 373 Mb), which consisted of 3852 scaffolds larger than 1 kb and totalling 300.6 Mb. The high‐resolution BNG map of cv. CDC Bethune totalled 317 Mb and consisted of 251 BNG contigs with an N50 of 2.15 Mb. A total of 622 scaffolds (286.6 Mb, 94.9%) aligned to 211 BNG contigs (298.6 Mb, 94.2%). Of those, 99 scaffolds, diagnosed to contain assembly errors, were refined into 225 new scaffolds. Using the newly refined scaffold sequences and the validated bacterial artificial chromosome‐based physical map of CDC Bethune, the 211 BNG contigs were scaffolded into 94 super‐BNG contigs (N50 of 6.64 Mb) that were further assigned to the 15 flax chromosomes using the genetic map. The pseudomolecules total about 316 Mb, with individual chromosomes of 15.6 to 29.4 Mb, and cover 97% of the annotated genes. Evidence from the chromosome‐scale pseudomolecules suggests that flax has undergone palaeopolyploidization and mesopolyploidization events, followed by rearrangements and deletions or fusion of chromosome arms from an ancient progenitor with a haploid chromosome number of eight. |
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Keywords: | optical mapping BioNano technology genome sequencing physical map genetic map genome finishing flax
Linum usitatissimum
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