A role for artificial night-time lighting in long-term changes in populations of 100 widespread macro-moths in UK and Ireland: a citizen-science study

The abundance of 100 of the most widespread species of macro-moth in the UK and Ireland was estimated from light-trap records reported to the UK and Ireland Garden Moth Scheme between 2005 and 2015. Recording sites were classified into low, medium and high night-time illumination categories by satellite imagery, into land-use types from the dominant use in the 1–2 km surrounding area, and by latitude. Most urban sites were in the group classified as having high night-time illumination. Comparison between medium and low night-time illuminated sites allowed differences between levels of illumination free from the effect of urbanization on moth abundance to be assessed. The medium and low night-time illuminated sites differed significantly in the frequency of grassland and arable land-use types and in geographic location with more grassland and north-western sites in the low-light category. After adjustment for these differences and for variations between taxonomic family groups, the medium to low night-time lighting abundance ratios explained a significant (P?