农田及生态补偿区甲虫群落结构的差异

为了调查冬麦田和不同年龄生态补偿区甲虫群落结构和物种多样性,从2003年7到10月和2004年5到6月在瑞士农业区周围不同景观中进行了实地调查,并采用对应及典范对应分析方法,对冬麦田和1~4a不同年龄阶段的野花地中的甲虫群落结构及物种多样性进行了比较系统的研究。结果,共捕甲虫6009只,分别属于150种,25科,其中,麦田共计38种445个体,1~4a不同年龄的野花地中分别计46种,2760个体,81种,1325个体,73种,668个体,75种,811个体。根据食性,植食性种类有98种(65.33%),5189个体(86.35%)、肉食性种类有40种(26.67%),240个体(3.99%)、食菌性种类有10种(6.67%),578个体(9.62%)、食腐性种类有2种(1.33%),2个体(0.03%)。冬麦田中栖息的甲虫种类及其物种丰富度和多度与1~4a不同年龄阶段的野花地有明显差异。这主要由于冬麦田中植物种类多样性低和植被结构简单而导致的。在不同演替阶段野花地中甲虫群落物种的丰富度一般在1~3a型野花地之间有差异。1年型野花地具有比较典型的甲虫群落结构,不同演替阶段的野花地对甲虫群落的定居,扩散及其演替过程中具有非常重要的作用。对甲虫提供丰富的食物资源和栖息,繁殖场所。因此,人为在农业区建立生态补偿区,有利于提高无脊椎动物和昆虫多样性,对物种保护方面具有重要意义。

Beetles communities structure differences between farmland and ecological compensation area

In order to assess the beetle communities structure and species diversity in winter-wheat and different aged ecological compensation area, field studies were conducted in July-October 2003 and May-June 2004 in the wildflower areas in Bern, Switzerland. In total, we recorded 6009 individual beetles representing 150 species of 25 families in these areas. Of these, we recorded a total of 445 individuals of 38 species in winter-wheat fields, 2760 individuals of 46 species in 1-year old wildflower area, 1325 individuals of 81 species in 2-year old wildflower area, 668 individuals of 73 species in 3-year old wildflower area, 811 individuals of 75 species in 4-year old wildflower area. According to their feeding style, 5189 individuals (86.35%) were phytophagous, 240 (3.99%) were zoophagpus, 578(9.62%) were mycetophagous, and 2 (0.03%) were detritophagous. With regard to the total number of species, 98 (65.33%) were phytophagous, 40 (26.67%) were zoophagous, 10 (6.67%) were mycetophagous, and 2 (1.33%) were detritophagous. Winter-wheat fields were inhabited by a special beetle community, but they had significantly lower beetle abundance than 1-year old wildflower areas as well as significantly lower species richness than 2- to 4-year old wildflower areas. The most likely reasons were the very few plant species and the low vegetation structure. According to the succession of wildflower areas, the only significant difference in abundance and species richness of beetles was the higher abundance of 1-year old wildflower areas compared to 3-year old ones. One-year old wildflower areas had a unique beetle community compared to the older stages, which comprised very similar beetle assemblages. We conclude that both 1-year old wildflower areas and 2- to 4-years old ones are valuable for the survival of beetles in modern agricultural landscape. At the same time, we support the establishment of ecological compensation areas to promote the diversity and abundance of beetles in cultivated landscape.