Increased production of withanolide A, withanone, and withaferin A in hairy root cultures of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal elicited with methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid

The utility of hairy root cultures to produce valuable phytochemicals could be improved by repartitioning more of the desired phytochemical into the spent culture media, thereby simplifying the bioprocess engineering associated with the purification of the desired phytochemical. The majority of nicotine produced by tobacco hairy root cultures is retained within roots, with lesser amounts exuded into the spent culture media. Reduced expression of the tobacco nicotine uptake permease (NUP1) results in significantly more nicotine accumulating in the media. Thus, NUP1-reduced expression lines provide a genetic means to repartition more nicotine into the culture media. The present study examined a wild type and a NUP1-reduced expression hairy root line during a variety of treatments to identify culture conditions that increased nicotine accumulation in the media. The NUP1-reduced expression line grew faster, used less oxygen, and exuded more nicotine into the media. Basification of the culture media associated with root growth resulted in a dramatic reduction in nicotine accumulation levels in the media, which was reversed by decreasing the pH of the media. Kinetic analysis of hairy root growth and nicotine accumulation in the media revealed a potential improvement in nicotine yields in the media by stimulating the branching of tobacco hairy roots.