Ontogeny of the rhythmic melatonin production in a precocial and an altricial bird,the Japanese quail and the European starling

A distinct daily rhythm of melatonin production was found in the pineal gland of both precocial Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) and altricial European starling (Sturnus vulgaris) during the first day of postembryonic life. Rhythmic melatonin production was reflected in a rhythmic profile in the general circulation. Significant day-night differences in melatonin content were also observed in the eyes of Japanese quail.The amplitude of the rhythm in the quail pineal gland increased steadily during the first two weeks of postem-bryonic life. A transient increase in maximum melatonin concentration was observed at the end of the first week of life in the plasma but not in the pineal gland of quail suggesting that a metabolizing pathway or a changed ocular contribution may influence the melatonin profile in the circulation and its availability to other tissues. There was no delay in the postembryonic development of melatonin rhythmicity in the altricial starling in comparison with the precocial quail. The amplitude of the plasma melatonin rhythm did not increase over the first week of life in starlings as it did in quail and the only significant increase was found between 6- and 17-day old starlings.In general, the development of the rhythm resulted from an increase of dark-time values. The day-time concentrations were low in all age groups of both species. A one-hour light pulse suppressed the high dark-time melatonin concentrations in 1-, 7- and 14-day old Japanese quail as well as in 7- and 14-day old European starlings. The manner in which the rhythm develops suggests that the circadian pacemaker(s) as well as the mechanisms of photoreception and entrainment are developed in hatchlings of both species in spite of their otherwise different developmental strategies.