Transformation of (per)chlorate into chloride by a newly isolated bacterium: reduction and dismutation

 Bacterial strain GR-1 was isolated from activated sludge for its ability to oxidize acetate with perchlorate as electron acceptor. Sequencing of 16S rDNA revealed the isolate to belong to the β subgroup of Proteobacteria. When strain GR-1 was grown on acetate and perchlorate, the release of chloride was proportional to the disappearance of perchlorate, showing that this compound was completely reduced. In addition to perchlorate, strain GR-1 used chlorate, oxygen, nitrate and Mn(IV) as electron acceptor. The oxidation of acetate is coupled to the reduction of perchlorate and chlorate, whereas chlorite reduction is not affected by the addition of acetate. Strain GR-1 disproportionates chlorite into molecular oxygen and chloride. As a consequence, the strain oxidizes acetate by simultaneously reducing perchlorate to chlorite and molecular oxygen to water. Comparison of growth yields with oxygen, chlorate and perchlorate and calculated ΔG ^0′ values confirms this finding. Received: 26 June 1995/Received revision: 11 October 1995/Accepted: 16 October 1995