Environment-sensitive behavior of fluorescent molecular rotors |
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Authors: | Mark A Haidekker Emmanuel A Theodorakis |
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Institution: | (1) Faculty of Engineering, University of Georgia, 597 D.W. Brooks Drive, 30602 Athens, GA, USA;(2) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, 92093 San Diego, CA, USA |
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Abstract: | Molecular rotors are a group of fluorescent molecules that form twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) states upon
photoexcitation. When intramolecular twisting occurs, the molecular rotor returns to the ground state either by emission of
a red-shifted emission band or by nonradiative relaxation. The emission properties are strongly solvent-dependent, and the
solvent viscosity is the primary determinant of the fluorescent quantum yield from the planar (non-twisted) conformation.
This viscosity-sensitive behavior gives rise to applications in, for example, fluid mechanics, polymer chemistry, cell physiology,
and the food sciences. However, the relationship between bulk viscosity and the molecular-scale interaction of a molecular
rotor with its environment are not fully understood. This review presents the pertinent theories of the rotor-solvent interaction
on the molecular level and how this interaction leads to the viscosity-sensitive behavior. Furthermore, current applications
of molecular rotors as microviscosity sensors are reviewed, and engineering aspects are presented on how measurement accuracy
and precision can be improved. |
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