Sex differences in jealousy: a meta-analytic examination |
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| Authors: | Brad J Sagarin Amy L Martin Savia A Coutinho John E Edlund Lily Patel John J Skowronski Bettina Zengel |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara 93106, United States;2. Department of Psychology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton 92831, United States;3. Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin 78712, United States;4. Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw 50-137, Poland;5. Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden 1069, Germany;6. Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50090, Estonia;7. Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, Gulu 0, Uganda;8. English Language Department, Middle East University, Amman 11181, Jordan;9. Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden;10. Institute of Applied Psychology, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan;11. Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410002, Nigeria;12. Deparment of Anthropology, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34452, Turkey;13. North Star Alliance, NA, Kampala 0, Uganda;14. Department of Psychology, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster 17603, USA;15. Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Technology and Science (NTNU), Trondheim 7491, Norway;p. EFORT, Department of Sociology, University of Algiers 2, Algiers 16000, Algeria;q. Department of Psychology, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan 20123, Italy;r. Research School of Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia;s. EFORT, Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Algiers 2, Algiers 16000, Algeria;t. Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia;u. Russian State University for the Humanities, Moscow 119991, Russia;v. Department of Psychology, Izmir University of Economics, Izmir 35300, Turkey;w. Faculty in Sopot, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Sopot 03-815, Poland;x. Psychology Faculty (CECOS), Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve 1348, Belgium;y. Department of Psychology, Ankara University, Ankara 6560, Turkey;z. Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden 1069, Germany;11. Grupo de Psicología Política y Social (GPPS), Departamento de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima 15088, Peru;12. Deparment of Anthropology, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas 58140, Turkey;13. Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de la República, Motevideo 11200, Uruguay;14. Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), CIS-IUL, Lisboa 1649-026, Portugal;15. Department of Psychology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 0, China;16. Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Unidad Morelia UNAM, Morelia 58190, Mexico;17. Psychology Department, Universidad Latina de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica;18. EFORT, Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Setif 2, Setif 16000, Algeria;19. Institute of Psychology, University of Pécs, Pécs 7624, Hungary;110. Faculty of Social Sciences and Health Care, Department of Psychological Sciences, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Nitra 94974, Slovakia;111. Louvain Research Institute in Management and Organisations (LOURiM), Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve 1348, Belgium;112. Faculty of Arts, Department of Psychology, University of Maribor, Maribor 2000, Slovenia;113. Department of Psychology, Faculty for Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia;114. Dept of Educational Psychology and Counseling, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;115. Organization and Human Resource Management, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing 102202, China;1p. Psychology Department, University of Crete, Rethymno 70013, Greece;1q. Faculty of Education, University of Primorska, Koper 6000, Slovenia;1r. Department of Psychology, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam;1s. Department of Psychology, F.G. College for Men, F-j/d, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan;1t. Center for Research in Experimental Economics and Political Decision Mating, Department of Economics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081, the Netherlands;1u. Department of Experimental & Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081, the Netherlands;1v. Department of Social Psychology, University of Granada, Grenada 18010, Spain;1w. Department of Psychology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110021, India;1x. Department of Animal and Human Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Havana 0, Cuba;1y. Faculty of Arts, Department of Psychology, University of Maribor, Maribor 2000, Slovenia;1z. Department of Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 22451-000, Brazil;21. Department of Social Sciences, Free Unviersity of Tbilisi, Tbilisi 2, Georgia;22. Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria;23. School of Education, Universiti Uteara Malaysia, Sintok 6010, Malaysia;24. Department of Psychology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410002, Nigeria;25. Institute of Psychology, Vilnius University, Vilnius 1513, Lithuania;26. Department of Basic Psychology, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga 4710-057, Portugal;27. Mammal Vocal Communication & Cognition Research Group, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RH, United Kingdom;28. Institute of Psychology, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil;29. Department of Psychology, Faculty for Humanities and Social Sciences, UNATC-CINETIc, Romanian Academy, Bucharest 30167, Romania;210. Department of Environmental Ecology, Comenius University, Bratislava 842 15, Slovakia;211. Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava 845 06, Slovakia;212. The Delve Pvt Ltd, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan;213. Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center, Department of Social Psychology, University of Granada, Grenada 18010, Spain;214. Department of Psychology, Faculty for Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia;215. Center for Social and Psychological Sciences, Institute of Experimental Psychology SAS, Bratislava 841 04, Slovakia;2p. Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna 1010, Austria;2q. Department of Applied Psychology, Vivekananda College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110021, India;2r. Department of Management Sciences, DHA Suffa University, Karachi 75500, Pakistan;2s. School of Psychology, P. Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile;2t. Department of Psychology, South-West University \"Neofit Rilski\", Blagoevgrad 2700, Bulgaria;2u. Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 03178-200, Brazil;2v. Department of Communication, University Prof. Dr. Moestopo (Beragama), Jakarta 10270, Indonesia;2w. Dept. of Child & Family Studies, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 024-47, Republic of Korea;2x. Faculty of Social Sciences and Health Care, Department of Psychological Sciences, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Nitra 94974, Slovakia;2y. Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia;1. Institute of Sexology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 11, 128 08 Prague, Czech Republic;2. National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic;3. Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Humanities, Charles University, U K?í?e 8, 158 00 Prague, Czech Republic;4. Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello Moraes 1721, CEP 05508-030, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, Brazil;5. Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vini?ná 7, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic;1. University of Massachusetts Boston, United States;2. University of Michigan – Dearborn, United States;1. Oakland University, Department of Psychology, 112 Pryale Hall, Rochester, MI, 48309;2. Saint Louis University, Criminology and Criminal Justice, School of Social Work, St Louis, MO, 63103;3. Saint Louis University, Department of Epidemiology, St Louis, MO, 63103;4. University of Cincinnati, School of Criminal Justice, Cincinnati, OH, 45221 |
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| Abstract: | The theory of evolved sex differences in jealousy predicts sex differences in responses to sexual infidelities and emotional infidelities. Critics have argued that such differences are absent in studies that use continuous measures to assess responses to hypothetical infidelities or in studies that assess responses to real infidelities. These criticisms were tested in two random-effects meta-analyses of 40 published and unpublished papers (providing 209 effect sizes from 47 independent samples) that measured sex differences in jealousy using continuous measures. A significant, theory-supportive sex difference emerged across 45 independent samples using continuous measures of responses to hypothetical infidelities, g*=0.258, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.188, 0.328], p<.00001. Measured emotion significantly moderated effect size. Effects were strongest when measures assessed distress/upset (g*=0.337) and jealousy (g*=0.309). Other commonly measured negative emotions yielded weaker effects, including hurt (g*=0.161), anger (g*=0.074), and disgust (g*=0.012). Across the 45 independent samples, six significant moderators emerged: random sampling, population type (student vs. nonstudent samples), age, inclusion of a forced-choice question, number of points in the response scale, and year of publication. A significant, theory-supportive effect also emerged across seven studies assessing reactions to actual infidelities, g*=0.234, 95% CI 0.020, 0.448], p=.03. Results demonstrate that the sex difference in jealousy neither is an artifact of response format nor is limited to responses to hypothetical infidelities. |
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