基于鸟类栖息地季节性变化的自然保护区动态分区管理——以安徽升金湖国家级自然保护区为例

鸟类栖息地会随着季节迁徙而改变，基于此对以珍稀濒危鸟类保护为主要目标的自然保护区进行动态分区管理，能够有效提高土地利用效率，协调生物多样性保护与其他生态系统服务功能利用。通过MaxEnt模型分析预测安徽升金湖国家级自然保护区鸟类繁殖季和越冬季的栖息地范围，并采用空间叠加分析方法得到动态分区方案。结果发现：繁殖季鸟类栖息地适宜性受到人口密度、丰水期土地利用类型、距居民点距离、距道路距离等环境因素的影响；越冬季鸟类受到距道路距离、人口密度、距枯水期水体距离、枯水期土地利用类型等环境因素的影响。运用ArcGIS水文工具分析出升金湖国家级自然保护区汇水单元作为其动态区划单元，根据鸟类栖息地季节性变化的特点结合分析结果叠加分析，将安徽升金湖国家级自然保护区划分为核心栖息地保护区、繁殖季栖息地保护区、越冬季栖息地保护区和一般控制区。核心栖息地保护区要进行全年严格保护，繁殖季栖息地保护区和越冬季栖息地保护区在相应鸟类栖息时段严格管控、非栖息时段可合理利用，一般控制区则全年可允许合理的行为活动。季节性动态分区方案注重解决安徽省升金湖国家级自然保护区生态环境保护和社区发展之间的矛盾问题，便于未来保护区生态保护规划决策的制定和实施，进一步丰富了以季节性栖息物种为主要保护对象的自然保护区的动态功能分区研究理论与方法体系，为制定提高自然保护区空间利用效率的生态管理策略提供了参考依据。综上，建议在升金湖国家级自然保护区生态环境保护和社区发展中，依据保护区季节性动态分区特征，实行分区管制，制定对应的生态环境保护和发展的措施。

Dynamic zoning of nature reserves based on seasonal changes in bird habitats: Shengjin Lake National Nature Reserve, Anhui Province as an example

The bird habitats change with seasonal migration. Based on this, the dynamic zoning management of nature reserves with the protection of rare and endangered birds as the main goal can effectively improve land use efficiency and help to coordinate biodiversity conservation with other ecosystem service functions. The MaxEnt model was used to predict the habitat range of birds in the breeding season and wintertime in Shengjin Lake National Nature Reserve, Anhui Province, and the dynamic zoning scheme was obtained by using spatial superposition analysis method. The results showed that the habitat suitability of birds in breeding season was affected by environmental factors such as population density, land use type, distance from settlements and distance from roads in wet season. Birds in winter were affected by environmental factors such as distance from road, population density, distance from water body in dry season and land use type in dry season. The catchment unit was analyzed as the dynamic regionalization unit of Shengjin Lake National Nature Reserve by using the ArcGIS hydrologic analysis tool. According to the characteristics of bird habitat seasonal changes combined with the superposition analysis of the analysis results, Shengjin Lake National Nature Reserve in Anhui Province was eventually divided into core habitat reserve, breeding season habitat reserve, winter habitat reserve and general control area. The core habitat reserves should be strictly to protect throughout the year, the breeding season habitat reserves and the winter habitat reserves should be strictly to control during the corresponding bird habitat period, and the non-habitat period can be rationally used, while the general control areas can allow the reasonable behavior activities throughout the year. The seasonal dynamic zoning scheme focuses on solving the contradiction between ecological environmental protection and community development in Shengjin Lake National Nature Reserve of Anhui Province, facilitates the formulation and implementation of ecological conservation planning decisions in the future, and further enriched the theory and method system of dynamic functional zoning research in nature reserves with seasonal resident species as the main protection objects. It provides a reference for formulating ecological management strategies to improve the efficiency of space utilization in nature reserves. In conclusion, it is suggested that in the ecological environment protection and community development of Shengjin Lake National Nature Reserve, regional control should be implemented according to the seasonal dynamic zoning characteristics of the reserve, and corresponding measures for the ecological environment protection and development should be formulated.