海洋保护地社区多元化生计与生态系统服务的依赖关系

海洋保护地在主要承担典型海洋生态系统、珍稀濒危物种、重要自然资源自然遗迹和人文资源有效保护的同时,兼具生态功能维持、资源可持续利用与社区经济持续发展等多重任务,普遍面临着生态保护与社区生计发展间的依赖-冲突关系,探究社区生计与生态系统服务间的依赖关系,对实现海洋保护地与社区协调发展具有重要意义。基于山东长岛海洋保护地的415户社区居民的调研数据,运用可持续生计分析框架和生态系统服务依赖度模型,分析社区居民的生计资本和生态系统服务依赖度(IDES) 的特征,进一步结合多元回归模型探究生计资本对 IDES 的影响。结果表明:(1)社区居民生计资本得分呈现出由渔业主导型向务工主导型、旅游主导型、渔业兼业型递增的总趋势,且不同类型社区居民的生计资本结构具有较大差异;(2)渔业兼业型和旅游主导型社区居民从生态系统获取的收益显著高于其它居民,IDES总指数由大到小排序依次为渔业主导型、旅游主导型、渔业兼业型、务工主导型,且渔业主导型生计的供给服务依赖度显著高于其他类型,文化服务依赖度最低;(3)生计资本对不同类型居民的供给、文化服务依赖度的影响存在差异,海上养殖规模、渔业作业范围、接受政府技能培训次数、生态补偿政策、社会组织参与程度、旅游扶持政策惠及程度等指标是平衡居民生态系统服务依赖结构的关键。基于此,从不同类型居民以及当地政府多个角度提出提高长岛海洋保护地社区居民生计资本水平,优化生态系统服务依赖结构的建议,以期为实现海洋保护地与社区的协调发展提供参考借鉴。

The dependence of diversified community livelihood on ecosystem services of marine nature reserve

Marine nature reserves mainly undertake the effective protection of typical marine ecosystems, rare and endangered species, important natural resources, natural relics, and human resources. At the same time, they also have multiple tasks such as maintaining ecological functions, sustainable utilization of resources and sustainable development of community economy, and generally face with the dependency-conflict relationship between ecological protection and community livelihood development. It is of great significance to explore and solve the dependency relationship between community livelihood and ecosystem services to realize the coordinated development of marine protected areas and communities. Based on the survey data of 415 residents in Shandong Changdao Marine Reserve, this paper analyzes the characteristics of community residents'' livelihood capital and index system of farmer dependence on ecosystem services (IDES) by using the framework of sustainable livelihood analysis and the model of ecosystem service dependence, and further explores the influence of livelihood capital on the IDES by combining multiple regression models. The results show that: (1) the score of community residents'' livelihood capital presents a general trend of increasing from fishery-oriented to worker-oriented, tourism-oriented and part-time fishery. The livelihood capital structure of different types of community residents is quite different; (2) The total net income from the ecosystem of the residents in the fishing and tourism-oriented communities is significantly higher than that of other residents. The total IDES index in descending order is fishery-oriented, tourism-oriented, part-time fishery, and worker worker-oriented. The dependence on supply services of fisheries-oriented livelihoods is significantly higher than other types, and the dependence on cultural services is the lowest; (3) The influences of livelihood capital on the supply and cultural service dependence of different types of residents are different. The key to balance the service dependence structure of residents'' ecosystem is the scale of marine aquaculture, the scope of fishery operations, the number of government skills training, the ecological compensation policy, the participation of social organizations, and the benefit of tourism support policies. Based on above, some suggestions are put forward from different types of residents and local governments to improve the livelihood capital of community residents in Changdao Marine Reserve and optimize the dependence structure of ecosystem services, so as to provide reference for the coordinated development of marine reserve and community.