基于生物多样性和生态系统服务的青藏高原保护优先区和保护空缺识别

协同生物多样性保护和生态系统服务功能维持对制定系统性保护规划具有重要意义。研究以青藏高原为研究区,应用Maxent模型模拟了重点植物的空间分布,结合世界保护联盟(IUCN)重点动物空间分布数据和生态系统服务空间分布,利用Zonation模型依次识别了基于单一因素的保护优先区以及集成生物多样性和生态系统服务的保护优先区,评估了青藏高原现有自然保护地对保护优先区、重要物种及生态系统服务的保护状况和保护空缺。结果表明:(1)青藏高原保护优先区保护价值呈现由东南向西北递减趋势,优先区主要分布在青藏高原东南缘喜马拉雅山地、雅鲁藏布江中游河谷及横断山区等区域,生物多样性保护优先区和生态系统服务保护优先区分布略有差异,存在43.2%的空间重叠;(2)在重要物种保护上,自然保护地对两栖动物的保护率最高,平均保护了38.2%,哺乳动物次之(24%),爬行动物的保护率较低,仅为10.2%。对生态系统服务功能覆盖率分别是44.1%(防风固沙)、27.1%(水源涵养)、22.3%(土壤保持)、17.1%(碳固定)和16.6%(洪水调蓄);(3)自然保护地对研究识别的保护优先区存在保护空缺,仅覆盖了26.8%的集成保护优先区,Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级和Ⅲ级优先区保护空缺面积占青藏高原面积的7.2%、6.9%和7.7%。研究结果可为青藏高原以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系优化提供科学依据与理论支撑。

Conservation gaps and priorities on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau based on biodiversity and ecosystem services

The intensification of human activities and climate change has posed unprecedented challenges to global biodiversity and ecosystems. The loss of biodiversity can impact the functionality and stability of ecosystems, leading to a decline in the supply of ecosystem services, threatening the health and sustainability of global ecosystems. Identifying priority areas, especially areas that are crucial for biodiversity and ecosystem services is an effective way to promote successful conservation strategies and can be applied to the systematic conservation planning. Therefore, the coordination of biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services in systematic conservation planning is of great importance. The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, which provides various ecosystem services, serves as an ecological security barrier not only for China but also for the entire Asia. It also stands as one of the most biologically diverse regions in the world. Using the QTP as a case, this study firstly employed the Maxent model to simulate the spatial distribution of key plant species. Additionally, utilizing these modeled distribution data of plants, spatial distribution data of key animals from the IUCN and ecosystem services, we identified the individual conservation priorities of biodiversity and ecosystem services and integrated priority conservation areas considering both biodiversity and ecosystem services using Zonation model. Furthermore, we assessed the protection status and gaps of the existing protected areas (PAs) on the QTP concerning key species, ecosystem services and priority areas. The results showed that: (1) Conservation priority areas on the QTP presented a decreasing trend in conservation value from southeast to northwest, primarily located in regions like the southeastern edge of the plateau, the Himalayan mountains, the middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River, and the Hengduan Mountains. There were slight differences in the distribution of areas prioritized for biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services, resulting in a 43.2% spatial overlap; (2) PAs provided the highest protection rates for amphibians (average range coverage of 38.2%), followed by mammals (24%), and reptiles with the least coverage (10.2%). Ecosystem services coverage rates were as follows: sandstorm prevention (44.1%), water retention (27.1%), soil conservation (22.3%), carbon storage (17.1%), and flood regulation (16.6%). (3) PAs covered only 26.8% of the integrated priority conservation areas, with protection gaps in levels I, II, and III priority areas accounting for 7.2%, 6.9%, and 7.7% of the QTP''s total area, respectively. This study can provide scientific basis and theoretical support for the optimization of protected area system with national parks as the main component on the QTP.