国家公园生态系统文化服务多元利益主体认知比较——基于实证调查分析

探明不同利益主体对生态系统文化服务(CES)的价值认知,对于实现国家公园生态系统的科学管理具有重要理论价值与现实意义。以钱江源国家公园体制试点区为例,基于建立的CES评价指标体系,通过1073份有效调查问卷分析,探明居民、管理人员、游客等多元核心利益主体对CES的认知,并在此基础上,利用熵值法与综合模糊评价法对国家公园CES重要性与水平进行综合评价。结果表明:(1)居民和管理人员都对生态改善服务的价值认知最高,具有一定趋同性;而游客则对保健服务认知程度最高(2.44),这与其旅行目的相关。居民、管理人员与游客认知程度最低的CES分别是系统治理(1.89)、民俗文化普及(2.12)、精神崇拜(1.86)服务。(2)在重要性方面,3类主体均认为人文关怀服务 > 自然体验服务 > 社会服务,在具体指标层面,居民最看重民俗文化普及服务(0.1355)、管理人员和游客最看重精神崇拜服务。(3)3类主体对CES认知评价排序为管理人员(4.24) > 游客(4.11) > 居民(3.99),管理人员与居民分别作为重要的政策制定执行者与利益获得者,体现了不同政策参与主体利益需求对CES认知评价的驱动作用。(4)CES认知的权衡关系主要体现在管理人员,居民与游客的CES认知为协同关系。协同性最强的CES是管理人员对于生态改善和艺术灵感服务的认知、权衡性最强的是荒野保护与科普教育服务之间的认知。CES认知与不同主体的内在利益需求和自身认知难易程度有关,研究结果将为国家公园政策制定提供参考。

A comparison of multi-stakeholder cognition of cultural ecosystem services in National park: empirical evidence based on surveys

It is of great theoretical and practical significance to clarify the value cognition of cultural ecosystem services (CES) by different stakeholders for the scientific management of national park ecosystems. Therefore, this study took the system pilot area of Qianjiangyuan National Park as an example and explored the cognition of residents, managers, tourists, and other core interests on CES based on the established CES evaluation index system and 1073 effective questionnaires. Then, the entropy method and the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method were used to comprehensively evaluate the importance and level of CES in the national park. The results show that: (1) Residents and managers have the highest cognition of the value of ecological improvement services, with a certain convergence. Tourists have the highest cognition of health services (2.44), which is related to the purpose of travel. The CESs with the lowest level of cognition by residents, managers, and tourists include system governance (1.89), folk culture popularization (2.12), and spiritual worship (1.86). (2) The service importance according to the CES cognition by all three types of subjects are ranked in descending order: humanistic care service > nature experience service > social service. Regarding specific indicators, the residents attach the most importance to folk culture popularization service (0.1355), and managers and tourists attach the most importance to spiritual worship service. (3) Regarding the subjects, the evaluation of CES cognition is in the order of managers (4.24) > tourists (4.11) > residents (3.99). Managers and residents act as the important policy makers and benefit recipients, respectively, reflecting the driving role of the interests needs of different policy participants on the evaluation of CES cognition. (4) The tradeoff relationship of CES cognition is mainly reflected in managers. The CES cognition of residents and tourists shows a synergistic relationship. The cognition of managers for ecological improvement and artistic inspiration services shows the strongest synergistic relationship. The cognition of wilderness protection and popular science education services shows the strongest tradeoff relationship. The CES cognition is related to the internal interest needs of different subjects and their own cognitive difficulties. We suggest that managers should strengthen the CES cognition and application in national park landscape planning, fully consider cognition differences of multi-agents and multi-services and weigh the interests and cognitive conflicts. The research results can provide a reference for the scientific management of ecological and cultural resources in national parks and other types of natural protected areas.