生态美学视角下宁夏贺兰山国家级自然保护区视觉景观特征评估

景观美学的理论维度已从风景美学延伸至生态美学,为促进生态美学理论在客观法和空间水平上向"数字化+可视化"发展,以宁夏贺兰山国家级自然保护区为例,创新性地提出了利用地理要素构建分类的数字景观模型并借用基于景观生态学的景观格局指数进行视觉景观特征评估的研究框架。在筛选地貌（自然和垂直要素）和土地利用（文化和水平要素）景观要素的基础上,构建了一套景观分类指标体系;通过GIS进行空间叠加分析,识别了研究区域中的440种景观斑块和类型,以此作为视觉景观特征评估的基本单元;基于生态美学理论,构建了视觉景观多样性、自然性和独特性3个视觉景观特征评估指标,借用景观格局指数进行度量并通过FRAGSTATs与GIS可视化;通过SPCA分析得到权重后绘制了视觉景观特征综合评估的空间分布。结果显示,诸多相互作用的景观要素"聚集"在一起产生了不同水平的视觉景观特征,与低水平视觉景观特征有关的景观类型在要素组成上较为复杂,而与高水平视觉景观特征有关的景观类型主要与坡度适中的东南向山谷地貌与荒草地、未成林封育地和乔木林等土地利用的共同作用有关。研究认为,可视化的视觉景观特征评估结果有助于识别需得到保护修复、规划利用及管理协调的景观斑块或类型,有利于增加保护地整体的生态美学价值。

Assessing visual landscape characteristics of Helanshan National Nature Reserve in Ningxia from the perspective of ecological aesthetics

The theoretical dimension of landscape aesthetics has extended from the fields of scenic aesthetics to the ecological aesthetics at present. In order to promote the further development of ecological aesthetics theory in the direction of "digitalization + visualization" from two aspects which are objective method and spatial level, Helanshan National Nature Reserve in Ningxia was taken as a study case, and a complete research framework was innovatively proposed, including the utilization of geographical elements to construct a classified digital landscape model and the borrowing of landscape metrics which is based on landscape ecology to evaluate visual landscape characteristics. In the first place, this study constructed a set of system of landscape classification indexes on the basis of screening the landscape elements of landform (natural and vertical elements) and land use (cultural and horizontal elements). Then, through the analysis of spatial overlay based on GIS platform, 440 classes of landscape patches and types in the study area were identified in the general, which were mainly used as the basic units for the assessment of visual landscape characteristics. In addition, based on the multi-disciplinary theory of ecological aesthetics, three indexes of visual landscape characteristics assessment, which are, visual landscape diversity, visual landscape naturality, and visual landscape uniqueness, were constructed, which were mainly measured by landscape metrics in the form of borrowing, and all the measurement indexes were visualized by using FRAGSTATs and GIS platforms. At last, the results of spatial distribution about the comprehensive assessment of visual landscape characteristics were calculated and drawn after the weights were obtained by the SPCA method. The results of this study indicated that many interactive landscape elements "aggregated" to produce different levels of visual landscape characteristics. At the same time, the landscape types related to low-level visual landscape characteristics are more complicated in the composition of elements, while the landscape types related to high-level visual landscape characteristics are mainly related to the interaction between landform which is composed of moderate slope, southeast aspect and valley and land use which is dominated by grassland, undeveloped land and arbor forest. It is concluded that, the visual assessment results of visual landscape characteristics will be helpful to identify those landscape patches or types that need to be restored in combination with protection, used scientifically and planned rationally, and managed and coordinated in a complementary way, which is also conducive to increasing the ecological aesthetic value of the whole protected area.