河北衡水湖自然保护区水鸟多样性分布格局及其保护优先区

水鸟是反映湿地生态系统状况的指示物种,水鸟多样性保护优先区识别对自然保护区功能区划和湿地保护修复具有重要意义。于2020年5月-2021年4月,开展了衡水湖自然保护区水鸟群落的调查监测,采用GIS软件和结构方程模型等分析其不同区域水鸟群落结构和季节性变化、水鸟多样性分布格局及其驱动因素。结果表明:(1)衡水湖自然保护区不同区域均表现出以雁鸭类等游禽为优势种的水鸟群落特征,衡水湖西湖和滏东排河的水鸟物种丰富度和Shannon多样性指数最高,衡水湖东湖的水鸟种群数量最大,滏阳新河的鸻鹬类种群数量相对较大。(2)不同区域水鸟群落具有明显的季节性变化特征,春夏季涉禽数量明显增多,但仅在衡水湖自然保护区东湖、西湖和滏阳新河成为水鸟群落的优势种;9月之后各区域游禽种数和种群数量占比均明显上升,雁鸭类成为优势种群。(3)水鸟物种丰富度和种群数量较高的区域主要在自然保护区的湿地恢复区、滏东排河和小湖隔堤两侧等地;不同类群水鸟的空间分布格局差异较大,雁鸭类分布较为分散,鸻鹬类、鹤鹳类水鸟分布更为集中;栖息地状况是影响衡水湖水鸟多样性的主要因素。(4)衡水湖水鸟保护优先区包括湿地恢复区及周边区域、南李庄鱼塘、良心庄鱼塘及周边区域、东湖的姊妹东岛、小湖隔堤两侧等5个区域,占保护区总面积的8.94%。研究结果为衡水湖自然保护区的功能区划、水鸟保护策略制定、栖息地保护修复提供了相关依据。

Distribution pattern and conservation priority areas of waterbird diversity in Hengshui Lake Nature Reserve, Hebei Province

Waterbirds serve as an indicator species, reflecting the condition of wetland ecosystems. Identifying the priority areas for protecting waterbirds diversity is immensely important for the functional zoning of nature reserves and wetland conservation and restoration. From May 2020 to April 2021, a continuous investigation and monitoring of the waterbird community in Hengshui Lake Nature Reserve was conducted. And the Geographic Information Science (GIS) software and structural equation model (SEM) were employed to analyze the structure and seasonal changes of waterbird community in different regions, the distribution pattern of waterbird diversity, and its driving factors. The results are as follows: (1) There were waterbird communities with geese and ducks as the dominant species in different areas of Hengshui Lake Nature Reserve. The highest species richness and Shannon diversity index of waterbird were observed in West Lake and Fudongpai river of Hengshui Lake Nature Reserve. The largest waterbird population was found in East Lake of Hengshui Lake, while Fuyangxin river had a relatively large population of curlew waterbirds. (2) Waterbird communities in different regions had obvious seasonal changes. The population of wading birds increased significantly in spring and summer, but only in East Lake, West Lake and Fuyangxin river of Hengshui Lake Nature Reserve became the dominant species of waterbird communities. After September, there was a notable increase in the number of species and population of swimming birds in each region, with geese and ducks gradually becoming the dominant population. (3) Areas with high species richness and population of waterbird were primarily located in the wetland restoration area, Fudongpai river, and areas on both sides of the small lake barrier in the nature reserve. The spatial distribution pattern of different groups of waterbirds were quite different, the distribution of geese and ducks was relatively dispersed, and the distribution of shorebirds such as waders and Gruidae and Ciconiidae were more concentrated. Habitat status was the main factor affecting the diversity of waterbirds in Hengshui Lake. (4) The conservation priority areas for waterbirds in Hengshui Lake Nature Reserve included the wetland restoration area and its surrounding areas, Nanlizhuang fishpond, Liangxinzhuang fishpond and its surrounding areas, Zimeidong island of East Lake, and areas on both sides of the small lake barrier, accounting for 8.94% of the total area of the nature reserve. The research results can provide a relevant basis for the functional zoning, formulation of protection strategies of waterbirds, and habitat conservation and restoration of Hengshui Lake Nature Reserve.