我国生态治理体制构建、政策演进逻辑与治理现代化

纵观我国生态治理与环境保护实践历程,在探索、重构、深化中建立了具有中国特色的生态治理政策体系。在生态与经济发展新旧动能转换的关键时期,理清生态治理体制构建策略与政策演进逻辑,推进生态治理现代化建设,实现长效地人与自然和谐共生,具有重要的理论与现实意义。通过Citespace可视化图谱对1973-2022年间710份国家重要决策及政策法规文件深入梳理发现:(1)生态治理体制构建策略从初期的“一对一”污染问题治理导向、简单垂直的线性关系联动机制,到逐步形成生态理念导向、交叉互动的网络关系协同机制,总体上由单一部门主导决策的“上重下轻”转变为以顶层生态行政单位为核心,多领域部门参与执行的“上下联动”均衡态势;(2)生态治理政策先后经历“观念启蒙探索时期:环境污染末端管控(1973-1991年)”-“可持续发展时期:生态协同综合治理(1992-2011年)”-“生态文明时期:发展理念体系建设(2012-2022年)”的逻辑演化;(3)从机制完善、利益重构、多元统筹三个维度阐述并讨论生态治理现代化体系与改进路径,以期为相关领域的深入研究提供借鉴与参考。

Fifty years of ecological governance in China: institution construction, policy evolution logic, and governance modernization

Looking back on the practices of ecological governance and environmental protection in China, the ecological governance policy system with the Chinese characteristics has been established after 50 years of exploration, reconstruction and deepening. In the critical period of ecological and economic development, clarifying the ecological governance system construction strate-gy and policy evolution logic, and promoting the optimization and upgrade of institutional mechanisms have important theoreti-cal and practical significance for realizing the harmonious coexistence of human and nature. By using the bibliometric tool Citespace, 710 national important documents from 1973 to 2022 were thoroughly reviewed. The results showed that: (1) The construction strategy of ecological governance institution has changed from the initial “one—to—one” pollution control ori-ented simple vertical linear relationship linkage mechanism to the gradual formation of ecological concept oriented cross-interacting network relationship coordination mechanism. In general, the “upper heavy and lower light” of decision-making led by a single department has changed to the “upper and lower linkage” equilibrium situation with the top ecological administra-tive unit as the core and multi-field departments participating in the implementation. (2) Ecological governance policy has expe-rienced the period of conceptual enlightenment and exploration: end-of-pipe control of environmental pollution (1973—1991), the period of sustainable development: ecological synergistic and comprehensive management (1992—2011), the period of ecological civilization: construction of development concept system (2012—2022). (3) Based on above results, the ecological governance modernization system and improvement path were discussed from three dimensions: mechanism improvement, benefit reconstruction, and multiple overall planning, providing reference for further research in related fields.