Unsteady near wall residence times and shear exposure in model distal arterial bypass grafts

Building on previous studies of unsteady flow within model distal bypass grafts we analyse the near wall residence times and shear exposure in a 45 degrees anastomosis under symmetrical and symmetry breaking geometric configurations. We define residence time as the minimum time for a particle to exit a spherical region and shear exposure as a temporal integral of the Huber-Henky-von-Mises criterion along a particle path over a fixed time interval. Decomposing the pulsatile cycle into four equal intervals we find that the interval of peak residence time in the host vessel is from mid-deceleration to peak diastole and peak diastole to mid-acceleration. The asymmetric model is shown to have a significantly lower residence time during these intervals. Considering the shear exposure prior to the residence time evaluation we determine that a higher average shear exposure exists in the asymmetric model associated with the upstream geometry modification. Analysis of the regions of high residence time and shear exposure suggests that the "toe" region and the interface between the "heel" and bulk flow are more significant than the bed and heel region. Although the asymmetric model considered in this study reduces residence times in the host artery, the product of the measure of shear exposure and residence time is not found to be preferable. If shear exposure were to be considered as an important factor in particle activation, the findings imply that for junction optimisation, greater consideration needs to be given both to the local junction asymmetry and upstream influence on the shear history.