移地与圈养大熊猫野外放归的探讨

移地是指将生物有机体从一个区域自由释放到另一区域的移动,通常包括引入、重引入以及复壮等3 种类型。野生动物的移地有较悠久的历史。在许多国家,通过移地以维持濒危野生动物种群在野外的长期续存已成为保护生物学上的一种重要手段。影响圈养动物野外放归成功的因素主要来自物种生物学特性、自然环境、社会生物学以及放归方式等几方面,同时,放归亦给基础生态学研究带来了新的机遇与挑战。大熊猫是我国特有的珍稀兽类,分布在秦岭、岷山、邛崃山、大相岭、小相岭以及凉山等几大隔离的山系。由于部分山系栖息地的高度破碎以及隔离小种群普遍面临的来自种群及环境等随机因素的影响,单纯依靠就地保护的措施可能并不足以保证这些隔离小种群在野外长期续存。在圈养大熊猫种群数量不断增加的情况下,将圈养个体放归野外以复壮孤立小种群应是一种有效的保护手段,同时,随着大熊猫栖息地质量的逐步改善,圈养大熊猫野外放归的时机亦逐步成熟。文中尚就圈养大熊猫放归野外之前亟待解决的问题进行了讨论。

Translocation and discussion on reintroduction of captive giant panda

As a widely adopted conservation tool, translocation refers to the movement of living organisms from one area into another with free release, commonly including introduction, reintroduction and supplement. Many factors influence the success of reintroduction projects, mainly from biological traits, natural environment, sociobiological conditions and reintroduction manner. Meanwhile, great opportunities and challenges are also brought to basic ecological research accompanied by the conduction of introduction or reintroduction of wildlife. As a flagship species, the giant panda is endemic to China and distributed in separated Qinling, Minshan, Qionglaishan, Daxiangling, Xiaoxiangling and Liangshan Mountains. Due to severe fragmentation of habitats and random factors from environment and small isolated population, pure in-site conservation perhaps cannot assure long-term persistence of these populations in the wild. With increase of numbers of captive giant pandas and improvement of habitat quality, reintroduction of captive giant pandas into small wild isolated populations is presumed to be an effective conservation measure and conditions before reintroduction is basically met. Issues urgent to be solved before reintroduction of captive giant pandas are also discussed in the end.