| Abstract: | Many birds have been shown to reduce their reproductive investment in response to infestation of nest sites by ectoparasites. Nest-dwelling parasite populations increase throughout the breeding season, and can reduce the condition and future survival of both breeding adults and their offspring. Thus, avian hosts should be capable of assessing early cues that predict future ectoparasitism risk, and should be able to facultatively adjust their primary reproductive investment in response to anticipated future costs of parasites. We tested this hypothesis in the tree swallow Tachycineta bicolor , a cavity nesting passerine, by presenting a visual cue of avian fleas on the outer surface of nest boxes. This treatment manipulated perceived ectoparasitism risk without exposing birds to parasites, thereby allowing us to examine facultative responses in the absence of early physiological effects of parasites on female reproductive investment. During one of the study years, birds preferentially occupied control boxes, however, across both years, birds nesting in treatment boxes produced significantly smaller clutches, resulting in smaller broods at hatching, relative to those in control boxes. This difference in clutch size could not be explained by differences in phenotypic quality of breeding birds, indicating that for cavity nesting birds such as tree swallows, the perception of future ectoparasitism risk may be sufficient to induce a facultative reduction in reproductive investment early in the breeding season, before nest-dwelling parasite populations have grown very large. |
