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Extremely Low-Frequency Magnetic Fields and the Risk of Childhood B-Lineage Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in a City With High Incidence of Leukemia and Elevated Exposure to ELF Magnetic Fields |
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| Authors: | Juan C Núñez-Enríquez Víctor Correa-Correa Janet Flores-Lujano María L Pérez-Saldivar Elva Jiménez-Hernández Jorge A Martín-Trejo Laura E Espinoza-Hernández Aurora Medina-Sanson Rocío Cárdenas-Cardos Luz V Flores-Villegas José G Peñaloza-González José R Torres-Nava Rosa M Espinosa-Elizondo Raquel Amador-Sánchez Roberto Rivera-Luna Juan J Dosta-Herrera Javier A Mondragón-García Juana E González-Ulibarri Sofía I Martínez-Silva Gilberto Espinoza-Anrubio David A Duarte-Rodríguez Luis R García-Cortés Ana E Gil-Hernández Juan M Mejía-Aranguré |
| Institution: | 1. Unidad de Investigación Médica en Epidemiología Clínica, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad (UMAE), Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional (CMN) “Siglo XXI,” Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico;2. Servicio de Neurocirugía, Hospital de Especialidades “Dr. Bernardo Sepúlveda Gutiérrez,” “CMN Siglo XXI,” IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico;3. Coordinación de Investigación en Salud, CMN “Siglo XXI,” IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico;4. Servicio de Hematología, UMAE Hospital de Pediatría, CMN “Siglo XXI,” IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico;5. Servicio de Hematología Pediátrica, Hospital General “Dr. Gaudencio González Garza,” CMN “La Raza,” IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico;6. Departamento de Hemato-Oncología, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Secretaria de Salud (SS), Mexico City, Mexico;7. Servicio de Oncología, INP, SS, Mexico City, Mexico;8. Servicio de Hematología Pediátrica, CMN “20 de Noviembre,” Instituto de Seguridad Social al Servicio de los Trabajadores del Estado (ISSSTE), Mexico City, Mexico;9. Servicio de Onco-Pediatría, Hospital Juárez de México, SS, Mexico City, Mexico;10. Servicio de Oncología, Hospital Pediátrico “Moctezuma,”, Secretaría de Salud de la Ciudad de México (SSCDMX), Mexico City, Mexico;11. Servicio de Hematología Pediátrica, Hospital General de México, SS, Mexico City, Mexico;12. Servicio de Hematología Pediátrica, Hospital General Regional (HGR) No. 1 “Dr. Carlos MacGregor Sánchez Navarro,” IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico;13. Servicio de Cirugía Pediátrica, Hospital General “Gaudencio González Garza,” CMN “La Raza,” IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico;14. Servicio de Cirugía Pediátrica, HGR No. 1 “Dr. Carlos MacGregor Sánchez Navarro,” IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico;15. Enseñanza, Hospital Pediátrico de Iztacalco, SSCDMX, Mexico City, Mexico;16. Hospital Pediátrico de Iztapalapa, SSCDMX, Mexico City, Mexico;17. Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital General Zona (HGZ) No. 8 “Dr. Gilberto Flores Izquierdo,” IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico;18. Delegación Regional Estado de México Oriente, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico |
| Abstract: | It is important to study the relationship between extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MFs) and childhood leukemia, particularly in locations with a high incidence of this neoplasm in children and an elevated exposure to ELF-MF, such as Mexico City. The aim was to investigate the association between ELF-MF exposure and the risk of B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). A case–control study was conducted in Mexico City during the period from 2010 to 2011. Residential 24-h ELF-MF measurements were obtained for 290 incident B-ALL patients and 407 controls, aged less than 16 years. Controls were frequency-matched by sex, age (±18 months), and health institution. The adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. ELF-MF exposure at <0.2 μT was used to define the reference group. ELF-MF exposure at ≥0.3 μT was observed in 11.3% of the controls. Different ELF-MF intensity cutoff values were used to define the highest exposure category; the highest exposure category for each cutoff value was associated with an increased risk of B-ALL compared with the corresponding lower exposure categories. The aORs were as follows: ≥0.2 μT = 1.26 (95% CI: 0.84–1.89); ≥0.3 μT = 1.53 (95% CI: 0.95–2.48); ≥0.4 μT = 1.87 (95% CI: 1.04–3.35); ≥0.5 μT = 1.80 (95% CI 0.95–3.44); ≥0.6 μT = 2.32 (95% CI: 1.10–4.93). ELF-MF exposure as a continuous variable (per 0.2 μT intervals) was associated with B-ALL risk (aOR = 1.06; 95% CI: 1.01–1.12). In the present study, the proportion of children exposed to ≥0.3 μT is among the highest reported worldwide. Additionally, an ELF-MF exposure ≥0.4 μT may be associated with the risk of B-ALL. Bioelectromagnetics. © 2020 Bioelectromagnetics Society |
| Keywords: | children cancer case–control study environmental factors etiology |