Bortezomib and sphingosine kinase inhibitor interact synergistically to induces apoptosis in BCR/ABl cells sensitive and resistant to STI571 through down-regulation Mcl-1

Interactions between the proteasome inhibitor, bortezomib, and the sphingosine kinase (SPK1) inhibitor, SKI, were examined in BCR/ABL human leukemia cells. Coexposure of K562 or chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cells from patients to subtoxic concentrations of SKI (10 μM) and bortezomib (100 nM) resulted in a synergistic increase in caspase-3 cleavage and apoptosis. These events were associated with the downregulation of BCR–ABL and Mcl-1, and a marked reduction in SPK1 expression. In imatinib mesylate-resistant K562 cells that displayed decreased BCR–ABL expression, bortezomib/SKI treatment markedly increased apoptosis and inhibited colony-formation in association with the downregulation of Mcl-1. Finally, the bortezomib/SKI regimen also potently induced the downregulation of BCR/ABL and Mcl-1 in human leukemia cells. Collectively, these findings suggest that combining SKI and bortezomib may represent a novel strategy in leukemia, including apoptosis-resistant BCR–ABL⁺ hematologic malignancies.