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Cyanobacterial Genes Transmitted to the Nucleus Before Divergence of Red Algae in the Chromista
Authors:Hisayoshi Nozaki  Motomichi Matsuzaki  Osami Misumi  Haruko Kuroiwa  Masami Hasegawa  Tetsuya Higashiyama  Tadasu Shin-i  Yuji Kohara  Naotake Ogasawara  Tsuneyoshi Kuroiwa
Institution:(1) Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan;(2) Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan;(3) Department of Life Science, College of Science, Rikkyo (St. Paulrsquos) University, Nishiikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, 171-8501, Japan;(4) Bio-oriented Technology Research Advancement Institution (BRAIN), Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0001, Japan;(5) The Institute of Statistical Mathematics, 4-6-7, Minami-Azabu,, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 106-8569, Japan;(6) Center for Genetic Resource Information, National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata,, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan;(7) Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0101, Japan
Abstract:The plastids of red algae, green plants, and glaucophytes may have originated directly from a cyanobacterium-like prokaryote via primary endosymbiosis. In contrast, the plastids of other lineages of eukaryotic phototrophs appear to be the result of secondary or tertiary endosymbiotic events involving a phototrophic eukaryote and a eukaryotic host cell. Although phylogenetic analyses of multiple plastid genes from a wide range of eukaryotic lineages have been carried out, the phylogenetic positions of the secondary plastids of the Chromista (Heterokontophyta, Haptophyta and Cryptophyta) are ambiguous in a range of different analyses. This ambiguity may be the result of unusual substitutions or bias in the plastid genes established by the secondary endosymbiosis. In this study, we carried out phylogenetic analyses of five nuclear genes of cyanobacterial origin (6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase gnd], oxygen-evolving-enhancer psbO], phosphoglycerate kinase pgk], delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase aladh], and ATP synthase gamma atpC] genes), using the genome sequence data from the primitive red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae 10D. The sequence data robustly resolved the origin of the cyanobacterial genes in the nuclei of the Chromista (Heterokontophyta and Haptophyta) and Dinophyta, before the divergence of the extant red algae (including Porphyra Rhodophyceae] and Cyanidioschyzon Cyadidiophyceae]). Although it is likely that gnd genes in the Chromista were transmitted from the cyanobacterium-like ancestor of plastids in the primary endosymbiosis, other genes might have been transferred from nuclei of a red algal ancestor in the secondary endosymbiosis. Therefore, the results indicate that the Chromista might have originated from the ancient secondary endosymbiosis before the divergence of extant red algae.
Keywords:Chromista  Cyanobacterial nuclear genes  Phylogeny  Plastids  Primary endosymbiosis  Secondary endosymbiosis
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