Description of a new species of Neoechinorhynchus (Acanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae) a parasite of Dormitator latifrons from Southwestern Mexico based on morphological and molecular characters

Neoechinorhynchus mamesi n. sp. is described from the estuarine fish Dormitator latifrons collected in 3 localities along the coast of Chiapas State in Southwestern Mexico. The new species is characterized by possessing a small trunk, a very small proboscis with relatively very long apical proboscis hooks and small middle and posterior hooks, 2 giant nuclei in the ventral body wall, and males with testes smaller than the cement gland. A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of 46 morphometric traits for 21 mature females and 18 males of N. mamesi n. sp., N. brentnickoli and N. golvani, revealed morphological variation among species. DNA sequences of 2 genes, cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (cox 1) of the mitochondrial DNA and the domains D2 and D3 of the large subunit of the nuclear ribosomal RNA (LSU) were used to corroborate the morphological distinction. The genetic divergence estimated among populations of N. brentnickoli and N. mamesi n. sp. ranged from 10.14 to 10.55% for LSU and from 20.53 to 22.06% for cox 1, whereas the genetic divergence between N. golvani and N. mamesi n. sp. ranged from 20.31 to 21.03% for LSU and from 22.24 to 24.95% for cox 1. Maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference analyses were performed for the combined data sets (LSU+cox 1) and each data set alone. All the phylogenetic analyses showed that the specimens from 3 coastal lagoons of Chiapas State in Southwestern Mexico represented a monophyletic clade with strong bootstrap support and Bayesian posterior probabilities. The haplotype network based on the analysis of the cox 1 sequences indicated that N. mamesi n. sp. is separated by 84 substitutions from N. brentnickoli, and with 69 substitutions from N. golvani. The morphological evidence, the multivariate analyses, in combination with the genetic divergence estimated with two genes, the reciprocal monophyly in all the phylogenetic analyses, and the haplotype network, suggested that the acanthocephalans found in the intestine of D. latifrons in Southwestern Mexico represent a new species, named N. mamesi n. sp., and it constitutes the second species of the genus Neoechinorhynchus associated with the Pacific fat sleeper along the Pacific Coast of Mexico.