Comparison of hemodynamic endpoints between normal subject and tetralogy patient using Womersley velocity profile and MR based flow measurements

Right ventricular (RV) enlargement and pulmonary valve insufficiency (PI) are well-known, unavoidable long term sequelae encountered by patients who undergo tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) surgery. Despite their lifelong need for cardiac surveillance and occasional re-intervention, there is a paucity of numerical data characterizing blood flows in their pulmonary arteries (PA). Specifically, although PA regurgitation is well-known to be ubiquitously present in adult repaired TOF (rTOF) patients yet, there have been only limited numerical studies to fully characterize this process. The few studies available have utilized idealized, simplistic geometric models or overly simplistic boundary conditions that fail to account for flow reversals near the arterial walls as observed in in-vitro and MRI based in-vivo studies. The objective of this study was to establish and validate a numerical methodology of PA blood flow using actual patient specific geometry and flow measurements obtained using phase-contrast MRI, employing Womersley type velocity profiles that model flow reversals near walls. The results from computation were validated with measurements. For the normal subject, the time averaged right PA pressure from computation (13.8 mmHg) and experiment (14.6 mmHg) differed by 6%. The time-averaged main PA pressure from computation (16.5 mmHg) and experiment (16.3 mmHg) differed by 1%. The numerically computed left PA regurgitant fraction was 89% compared to measured 77.5%, while the same for the rTOF was 43% (computation), compared to 39.6% (measured). We conclude that the use of numerical computations using the Womersley boundary condition allows reliable modeling of the pathophysiology of PA flow in rTOF.