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Dimethyl sulfoxide-induced hydroxyapatite formation: a biological model of matrix vesicle nucleation to screen inhibitors of mineralization
Authors:Li Lina  Buchet René  Wu Yuqing
Institution:a Université de Lyon, F-69622 Lyon, France; Université Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France;INSA de Lyon, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France; CPE Lyon, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France;and CNRS UMR 5246 ICBMS, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
b State Key Laboratory for Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, ChangChun 130012, China
Abstract:To elucidate the inhibition mechanisms of hydroxyapatite (HA), a biological model mimicking the mineralization process was developed. The addition of 4% (v/v) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in synthetic cartilage lymph (SCL) medium containing 2 mM calcium and 3.42 mM inorganic phosphate (Pi) at pH 7.6 and 37 °C produced HA as matrix vesicles (MVs) under physiological conditions. Such a model has the advantage of monitoring the HA nucleation process without interfering with other processes at the cellular or enzymatic level. Turbidity measurements allowed us to follow the process of nucleation, whereas infrared spectra and X-ray diffraction permitted us to identify HA. Mineral formation induced by DMSO and by MVs in the SCL medium produced crystalline HA in a similar manner. The nucleation model served to evaluate the inhibition effects of ATP, GTP, UTP, ADP, ADP-ribose, AMP, and pyrophosphate (PPi). Here 10 μM PPi, 100 μM nucleotide triphosphates (ATP, GTP, UTP), and 1 mM ADP inhibited HA formation directly, whereas 1 mM ADP-ribose and 1 mM AMP did not. This confirmed that the PPi group is a potent inhibitor of HA formation. Increasing the PPi concentration from 100 μM to 1 mM induced calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate. We propose that DMSO-induced HA formation could serve to screen putative inhibitors of mineral formation.
Keywords:Calcification  DMSO  Hydroxyapatite  Inhibitor  Mineralization  Nucleation  Pyrophosphate
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