Prenatal ontogeny of subspecific variation in the craniofacial morphology of the Japanese macaque (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Macaca fuscata</Emphasis>) |
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Authors: | Wataru Yano Naoko Egi Tomo Takano Naomichi Ogihara |
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Institution: | (1) Laboratory of Physical Anthropology, Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan;(2) Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, 41 Kanrin, Inuyama 484-8506, Japan;(3) Japan Monkey Centre, 26 Kanrin, Inuyama 484-0081, Japan;(4) Present address: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan |
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Abstract: | We cross-sectionally investigated prenatal ontogeny of craniofacial shape in the two subspecies of the Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata fuscata and Macaca fuscata yakui) using a geometric morphometric technique to explore the process of morphogenetic divergence leading to the adult morphological
difference between the subspecies. The sample comprised a total of 32 formalin-fixed fetal specimens of the two subspecies,
in approximately the second and third trimesters. Each fetal cranium was scanned using computed tomography to generate a three-dimensional
surface model, and 68 landmarks were digitized on the external and internal surface of each cranium to trace the growth-related
changes in craniofacial shape of the two subspecies. The results of our study demonstrated that the two subspecies generally
shared the same craniofacial growth pattern. Both crania tend to exhibit relative contraction of the neurocranium in the mediolateral
and superoinferior directions, a more superiorly positioned cranial base, a more vertically oriented occipital squama, and
a more anteriorly positioned viscerocranium as the cranial size increased. However, distinctive subspecific differences, for
example relatively narrower orbital breadth, higher orbit, higher position of the nuchal crest, and more protrudent snout
found in Macaca fuscata yakui were already present during the prenatal period. This study demonstrated that morphological differentiation in the craniofacial
shape may occur at a very early stage of the fetal period even between closely related subspecies of the Japanese macaque. |
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