The photocycle of the chloride pump halorhodopsin. I: Azide-catalyzed deprotonation of the chromophore is a side reaction of photocycle intermediates inactivating the pump

Halorhodopsin, the light-driven chloride pump of halobacteria, undergoes a photochemical cycle in the 10 ms range. Two intermediates, HR640 and HR520, accumulate in the photosteady state after short times (within 100 ms) of illumination. Upon prolonged illumination a third species, HRL410 accumulates, which is formed from HR520/HR640 by deprotonation of the chromophore in a side reaction of the photocycle. In the dark, HRL410 requires several minutes to reconvert thermally to HR478. Thus, molecules in the HRL410 state must be inactive pumps since their maximal turnover number could only be a few per hour. Inorganic bases, such as azide, catalyze the deprotonation of HR520/HR640 as well as the reprotonation of HRL410. Both reactions are accelerated several hundred times by azide but the photosteady-state concentration of HRL410 remains unchanged.