Co-operative effect of the isoforms of type III antifreeze protein expressed in Notched-fin eelpout, Zoarces elongatus Kner

We found that Notched-fin eelpout, which lives off the north east coast of Japan, expresses an antifreeze protein (AFP). The liver of this fish contains DNAs that encode at least 13 type III AFP isoforms (denoted nfeAFPs). The primary sequences of the nfeAFP isoforms were categorized into SP- and QAE-sephadex binding groups, and the latter were further divided into two subgroups, QAE1 and QAE2 groups. Ice crystals observed in HPLC-pure nfeAFP fractions are bipyramidal in shape with different ratios of c and a axes, suggesting that all the isoforms are able to bind ice. We expressed five recombinant isoforms of nfeAFP and analyzed the thermal hysteresis (TH) activity of each as a function of protein concentration. We also examined the change in activity on mixing the isoforms. TH was estimated to be 0.60 degrees C for the QAE1 isoform, 0.11 degrees C for QAE2, and almost zero for the SP isoforms when the concentrations of these isoforms was standardized to 1.0 mm. Significantly, the TH activity of the SP isoforms showed concentration dependence in the presence of 0.2 mm QAE1, indicating that the less active SP isoform becomes 'active' when a small amount of QAE1 is added. In contrast, it does not become active on the addition of another SP isoform. These results suggest that the SP and QAE isoforms of type III AFP have different levels of TH activity, and they accomplish the antifreeze function in a co-operative manner.