真菌鞘糖脂的生物学功能及应用研究进展

丝状真菌作为一类重要的微生物，被广泛应用于发酵食品、工业酶和次生代谢物等工业生产中。真菌鞘糖脂主要由鞘氨醇、脂肪酸链和特殊的极性基团组成，根据极性基团的不同，分为中性鞘糖脂和酸性鞘糖脂两大类。鞘糖脂不仅参与真菌生长、细胞分化、增殖、细胞凋亡、逆境胁迫等重要生理活动，中性鞘糖脂还可作为功能性医药用品、化妆品和保健食品的重要活性组分。本文论述了真菌鞘糖脂的主要种类、结构、生物合成途径和及其参与丝状真菌生长、分化和响应逆境胁迫的生物学功能；探讨了真菌中性鞘糖脂作为抗菌肽的靶点和酸性鞘糖脂在开发抗真菌药物中的应用；同时还综述了中性鞘糖脂作为化妆品的保湿成分或保健食品的功能成分，在改善皮肤屏障功能和预防特应性皮炎中的重要作用的相关研究进展，尤其是来源于曲霉的中性鞘糖脂，可显著增强皮肤屏障功能，并可作为益生元预防肠道损伤；另外还探讨了曲霉尤其是米曲霉作为开发中性鞘糖脂生物资源的优势。

Advances in Biological Functions and Applications of Fungal Glycosphingolipids

Filamentous fungi, as a kind of important microorganisms, are widely used in industrial production such as fermented foods, industrial enzymes, and secondary metabolites. Fungal glycosphingolipids are mainly composed of sphingosine, fatty acid chains, and special polar groups, and according to different polar groups, fungal glycosphingolipids can be divided into two major categories, neutral glycosphingolipids and acidic glycosphingolipids. Glycosphingolipids not only participate in important physiological activities such as fungal growth, cell differentiation, proliferation, cell apoptosis, and adversity coercion, neutral glycosphingolipids but also can be used as important active components of functional medical supplies, cosmetics, and health foods. In this paper, major categories of fungal glycosphingolipids, structures, biosynthetic pathway and their participation in the growth of filamentous fungi, differentiation, and biological functions in responses to adversity coercion were discussed; and investigated the application of fungal neutral glycosphingolipids as target spot of antimicrobial peptides and acidic glycosphingolipids in the development of antifungal medicines. Furthermore, advances in correlated studies on functional component of neutral glycosphingolipids as moisturizing ingredients and healthy foods, in improving skin barrier function and preventively atopic dermatitis as a moisturizing component of cosmetics or a functional component of health foods are also summarized, especially neutral glycosphingolipids originated from Aspergillus oryzae that can significantly enhance skin barrier function, it can also preventing intestinal injury as a probiotic component; in addition, advantages of Aspergillus, especially A.oryzae, as a biological resource was investigated for developing neutral glycosphingolipids.