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Host plant genotype determines bottom‐up effects in an aphid‐parasitoid‐predator system
Authors:Martin Schädler  Roland Brandl  Anne Kempel
Institution:1. Department of Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg, Karl‐von‐Frisch‐Str. 8, 35032 Marburg, Germany;2. Present address: Plant Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland.
Abstract:Plant genotypes are known to affect performance of insect herbivores and the community structure of both herbivores and higher trophic levels. Still, only a limited number of studies demonstrate differences in the performance of predators and parasitoids because of plant genotypic effects and most of these focus on gall formers. We designed a greenhouse experiment to investigate the effects of host plant genotype on fitness components in a grass‐aphid‐carnivore system. We used clones of quackgrass Elytrigia repens (L.) Desv. ex Nevski (Poaceae)], the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), the parasitoid wasp Aphidius colemani (Viereck) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), and the predatory lacewing Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). The number of aphid offspring differed considerably among plant genotypes. These differences were only in part because of differences in the production of biomass among host genotypes. Therefore, genotypes may differ in their nutritional value for phytophages. The number of aphids attacked by the parasitoid also differed among genotypes and aphid numbers only partly accounted for this effect. Moreover, pupal development time of female parasitoids was affected by plant genotype. We found no differences in mortality, body size, or sex ratio of hatching wasps between genotypes of quackgrass. Development time of the larvae and larval weight of the predatory lacewings differed among genotypes, but not weight of pupae and adults. Generally, the proportion of the total variance explained by the plant genotype was smaller for parasitoids and predators than for aphids. Overall, our experiments indicated that the plant genotype affects tri‐trophic interactions, but also that the strength of these effects decreases along the food chain.
Keywords:Aphidiuscolemani  Chrysoperla carnea  genotypic effects  host plant quality  quackgrass  Rhopalosiphum padi  Hymenoptera  Hemiptera  Neuroptera  Chrysopidae  Braconidae  Aphididae
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