Diversity of the communities of acidophilic chemolithotrophic microorganisms in natural and technogenic ecosystems

The main representatives of acidophilic chemolithotrophs oxidizing sulfide minerals, ferrous iron, elemental sulfur, and reduced sulfur compounds and forming microbial communities in the natural and technogenic ecosystems with low pH values and high concentrations of heavy metal ions are listed. The species and strain diversity of the communities and environmental factors affecting their composition (temperature, pH value, energy substrate, mineralogical composition of sulfide ore concentrates, the presence of organic substances, and level of aeration) are analyzed. Involvement of mobile genetic elements (IS elements and plasmids) in the structural changes of the chromosomal DNA in the course of switching microbial metabolism to the oxidation of new energy substrates or under increased concentrations of metal ions is shown to be a probable mechanism responsible for the intraspecific genetic heterogeneity of the populations. Importance of determination of the dominant strains of different microbial species in the communities and of their physiological peculiarities for stabilization, optimization, and enhancement of efficiency of biotechnological processes for sulfide mineral oxidation is stressed.