上海城市公共开放空间夏季小气候及舒适度

基于2006年5—8月上海城区5种类型公共开放空间（广场、喷泉、草坪、廊道、林地）的空气温度、相对湿度、风速和辐射强度等小气候指标，分析了各空间类型对小气候的调节作用，并采用体感气象指数（discomfort index, DI）作为评价指标，比较了各空间类型对人体舒适程度影响的差异.结果表明：上海市5种类型公共开放空间的平均温度、相对湿度等小气候因子存在一定差异；平均气温依次为广场＞草坪＞喷泉＞廊道＞林地；平均空气相对湿度依次为林地＞廊道＞喷泉＞草坪＞广场；广场面积、喷泉水体附近的风速及风向、草坪的草种类型、廊道的宽度及乔木盖度、林地的盖度及乔木林冠层高度等非气候指标分别与各自空间的气候指标呈显著相关.与其他3种空间类型相比，林地和廊道具有明显的遮荫、降温、增湿作用，对小气候的调节能力更佳.

Microclimate and comfortable degree of Shanghai urban open spaces in summer.

Based on the observation data of air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation from May to August 2006, the regulation effects of five types of open spaces (square, fountain, grassplot, corridor, and woodland) in Shanghai urban districts on the microclimate were analyzed, and discomfort index (DI) was introduced to evaluate the effects of these five types of open spaces on human body’s comfortable degree. The results showed that there existed definite differences in the air temperature and relative humidity among the open spaces, with the mean temperature decreased in the order of square＞grassplot＞fountain＞corridor＞woodland, and the mean relative humidity decreased in the order of woodland＞corridor＞fountain＞grassplot＞square. The area of the square, the wind speed and direction near the fountain, the grass species on the grassplot, the width and tree coverage of the corridor, and the tree coverage and canopy height of the woodland had significant correlations with the microclimate parameters of corresponding open spaces. Comparing with other three types of open spaces, woodland and corridor had better regulation effects on the microclimate via shading, decreasing air temperature, and increasing relative humidity.