The Physiology, Genetics and Molecular Biology of Plant Aluminum Resistance and Toxicity |
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Authors: | Leon V Kochian Miguel A Piñeros Owen A Hoekenga |
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Institution: | (1) U.S. Plant, Soil and Nutrition Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca NY 14853, USA |
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Abstract: | Aluminum (Al) toxicity is the primary factor limiting crop production on acidic soils (pH values of 5 or below), and because
50% of the world’s potentially arable lands are acidic, Al toxicity is a very important limitation to worldwide crop production.
This review examines our current understanding of mechanisms of Al toxicity, as well as the physiological, genetic and molecular
basis for Al resistance. Al resistance can be achieved by mechanisms that facilitate Al exclusion from the root apex (Al exclusion)
and/or by mechanisms that confer the ability of plants to tolerate Al in the plant symplasm (Al tolerance). Compelling evidence
has been presented in the literature for a resistance mechanism based on exclusion of Al due to Al-activated carboxylate release
from the growing root tip. More recently, researchers have provided support for an additional Al-resistance mechanism involving
internal detoxification of Al with carboxylate ligands (deprotonated organic acids) and the sequestration of the Al-carboxylate
complexes in the vacuole. This is a field that is entering a phase of new discovery, as researchers are on the verge of identifying
some of the genes that contribute to Al resistance in plants. The identification and characterization of Al resistance genes
will not only greatly advance our understanding of Al-resistance mechanisms, but more importantly, will be the source of new
molecular resources that researchers will use to develop improved crops better suited for cultivation on acid soils. |
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Keywords: | aluminum resistance aluminum toxicity anion channel organic acid exudation |
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