Fecundity as one of possible factors contributing to the dominance of the wMel genotype of Wolbachia in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster

Alphaproteobacteria of the genus Wolbachia are common intracellular endosymbionts of a variety of insects. Their successful spread over a vast range of host taxa is often attributed to selective advantages conferred by the bacteria to infected individuals. Among the known diversity of Wolbachia pipientis infecting Drosophila melanogaster, a single genotype, wMel, within the wMel strain has been found to dominate over other genotypes world-wide. Genotyping of D. melanogaster wild populations from Ukraine reveals a relatively high frequency of the wMel genotype, although 31 % flies from an Uman’ population are infected with the rare genotype wMelCS. We demonstrate that wMelCS-infected females have lower fecundity compared to wMel-infected flies, which might be the cause of wMel prevalence in D. melanogaster populations. We report no difference in the bacterial transmission rate between these two bacterial genotypes. However, we observed an association between transmission fidelity of Wolbachia and genotype of D. melanogaster indicating that Wolbachia-host relationships in this case are more complex. Furthermore our study reveals fluctuations in Wolbachia infection rates in wMel-infected populations.