红树科植物的化石记录及植物地理史

红树科植物化石种类有红树属Rhizophora、秋茄属K andelia、角果木属Ceriops和木榄属Bruguiera等4属,主要分布于亚洲、欧洲、非洲、大洋洲和美洲的古新世至全新世地层中。红树科植物化石记录显示:该科植物很可能于古新世至始新世早期起源于环特提斯海沿岸,中始新世开始从这一起源中心迅速向世界其它地方包括亚洲、欧洲、非洲、大洋洲和美洲等地扩散;渐新世在上述地区继续这一扩散历程,但在欧洲的化石记录消失;中新世时在亚洲、非洲、大洋洲和美洲达到了极盛期;上新世开始分布范围有所缩小,更新世则进一步缩小;一直到全新世才又重新繁盛起来。红树科植物的这一分布格局和地史演变是与地质时期大陆漂移、洋底扩张、第四纪冰川活动、古气候和古地理的变迁紧密相连的

The fossil record and phytogeographic history of Rhizophoraceae

The fossils of 4 genera of Rhizophoraceae, Rhizophora, Kandelia, Ceriops and Bruguiera, distributed in the strata of Tertiary to Quaternary in Asia, Europe, Africa, Oceania and America: (1) the earliest fossil occurrence of Rhizophora pollen was in the Paleocene strata in India, but few fossils of Rhizophoraceae have been found in Paleocene strata worldwide. (2) In Eocene besides Rhizophora the fossils of Bruguiera, Ceriops and Kandelia occurred consecutively. Rhizophora was dispersed to France in Early Eocene and to Borneo, Senegal, Gabon, Surinam, Panama, Australia and Hungary in Middle-Late Eocene. The fossils of Bruguiera, Palaeobruguiera and Ceriops were mainly discovered in France and England, while the fossils of Kandelia were reported from Alaska. Palaeobruguiera, the primitive form of Bruguira, were also found in Hainan Island of China. (3) Abundant Rhizophoraceae pollens in Oligocene were found in India, Borneo, Nigeria, Senegal, Guiana, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Australia, New Guinea, Isle of Wight, Leizhou Peninsula and Beibu Bay of China. (4) In Miocene Rhizophoraceae was distributed even wider, including India, Borneo, Burma, Pearl River estuary in China, Nigeria, Senegal, Guiana, Mexico, Venezuela, Costa Rica, Panama, New Guinea and Pacific Islands. Ceriops was mainly discovered in Guam, Fiji and Pacific Islands of Eniwetok. Bruguiera fossils also distributed in Pacific Islands and Japan. (5) In Pliocene the number of fossils and the distribution area of Rhizophoraceae reduced significantly. It mainly distributed in Borneo, New Guinea, Nigeria, Venezuela, Guatemala, Australia, Leizhou Peninsula and Pearl river estuary of China. (6) In Pleistocene the number of fossils and distribution area of Rhizophoraceae further reduced. It mainly distributed in Niger, Guiana, Surinam, Venezuela, and Leizhou Peninsula, Pearl river estuary, Shenzhen and Hongkong of China. (7) In Holocene, the fossils number and distribution area of Rhizophoraceae were markedly increased. They mainly distributed in India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Malaysia, Borneo, Java, Australia, Niger, Benin, Senegal, Guiana, Surinam, Venezuela and South China. The fossil record of Rhizophoraceae indicated (1) Rhizophoraceae was highly probable originated in the Tethys seacoast from Paleocene through Early Eocene, and rapidly dispersed to Asia, Europe, Africa, Oceania and America during Middle Eocene; (2) during Oligocene Rhizophoraceae continued to spread in Asia, Europe, Africa, Oceania and America, but it became extinct in Europe since Oligocene; (3) during Miocene Rhizophoraceae became a characteristic taxon across tropical-subtropical seacoast of Asia, Africa, Oceania and America; (4) from Pliocene through Pleistocene Rhizophoraceae reduced markedly, and then began to flourish in Holocene.The distribution pattern and phytogeographic evolution of Rhizophoraceae distribution closely correlated to the continental drift, Quaternary glaciation and global climates changed.