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Dihydroceramide accumulation mediates cytotoxic autophagy of cancer cells via autolysosome destabilization
Authors:Sonia Hernández-Tiedra  Gemma Fabriàs  David Dávila  Íñigo J Salanueva  Josefina Casas  L Ruth Montes
Institution:1. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, School of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain;2. Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain;3. Research Unit on BioActive Molecules (RUBAM), Departments of Biomedicinal Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain;4. Biofisika Institute (UPV/EHU, CSIC), and Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad del País Vasco, Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, Spain
Abstract:Autophagy is considered primarily a cell survival process, although it can also lead to cell death. However, the factors that dictate the shift between these 2 opposite outcomes remain largely unknown. In this work, we used Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC, the main active component of marijuana, a compound that triggers autophagy-mediated cancer cell death) and nutrient deprivation (an autophagic stimulus that triggers cytoprotective autophagy) to investigate the precise molecular mechanisms responsible for the activation of cytotoxic autophagy in cancer cells. By using a wide array of experimental approaches we show that THC (but not nutrient deprivation) increases the dihydroceramide:ceramide ratio in the endoplasmic reticulum of glioma cells, and this alteration is directed to autophagosomes and autolysosomes to promote lysosomal membrane permeabilization, cathepsin release and the subsequent activation of apoptotic cell death. These findings pave the way to clarify the regulatory mechanisms that determine the selective activation of autophagy-mediated cancer cell death.
Keywords:autophagy  cancer  cannabinoids  cell death  sphingolipids
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