膳食脂肪对肠道微生物的影响及宿主代谢调控的研究进展

膳食脂肪作为人体重要的营养物质之一，为人体提供能量及营养。不同种类的膳食脂肪对宿主肠道微生物的组成和数量的影响有着明显的差异。同时肠道微生物又能参与宿主的代谢调控以及影响肠道屏障功能等。过多的摄入富含饱和脂肪酸的膳食脂肪会引起肠道中厚壁菌门、变形菌门、梭菌属等的增加，从而影响宿主代谢过程中的胆汁酸等信号分子改变，导致肠道通透性的增加和系统炎症。富含n-3多不饱和脂肪酸的膳食脂肪会引起肠道中双歧杆菌和乳杆菌的增加，从而影响宿主代谢过程中的短链脂肪酸的水平，某些短链脂肪酸能够调控宿主的胰岛素分泌以及炎症因子的表达。本文综述了膳食脂肪的种类、肠道微生态和宿主代谢调控之间的相互作用及其可能的作用机制，为深入了解饮食、肠道微生态、宿主健康三者之间的关系提供了依据。

Effects of dietary fats on intestinal microorganisms and metabolism of host

As one of the important nutrients, dietary fats provide energy and nutrition for human body. Different types of dietary fats have significantly different effects on the composition and quantity of host intestinal microorganisms; meanwhile, intestinal microorganisms, in turn, involve in the regulation of host metabolism and affect the function of intestinal barrier. Excessive intake of saturated fatty acids may cause the increase of Firmicutes，Proteobacteria and Clostridia, thus affecting the signaling molecules in the process of the host metabolism, such as bile acid, resulting in the increase of intestinal permeability and system inflammation. Dietary fats containing high level of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids may cause the increase of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli, thus affecting the levels of some short chain fatty acids which regulate the expression of inflammatory factors and insulin secretion of host. In this review, we discussed current studies on the interactions among the type of dietary fats, gut microbiota and metabolism of host, aiming to clarify potential underlying mechanisms and provide basis for further understanding of the relations among diet, gut microbiota and host health.