Cytotactin is involved in synaptogenesis during regeneration of the frog neuromuscular system.

The expression of cytotactin, an extracellular matrix glycoprotein involved in morphogenesis and regeneration, was determined in the normal and regenerating neuromuscular system of the frog Rana temporaria. Cytotactin was expressed in adult brain and gut as two major components of Mr 190,000 and 200,000 and a minor form of higher molecular weight, but was almost undetectable in skeletal muscle extract. However, cytotactin was concentrated at the neuromuscular junctions as well as at the nodes of Ranvier. After nerve transection, cytotactin staining increased in the distal stump along the endoneurial tubes. In preparations of basal lamina sheaths of frog cutaneous pectoris muscle obtained by inducing the degeneration of both nerve and muscle fibers, cytotactin was found in dense accumulations at original synaptic sites. In order to define the role of cytotactin in axonal regeneration and muscle reinnervation, the effect of anti-cytotactin antibodies on the reinnervation of the basal lamina sheaths preparations was examined in vivo. In control preparations, regenerating nerve terminals preferentially reinnervate the original synaptic sites. In the presence of anti-cytotactin antibodies, axon regeneration occurred with normal fasciculation and branching but with altered preterminal nerve fibers pathways. Ultrastructural observations showed that synaptic basal laminae reinnervation was greatly delayed or inhibited. These results suggest that cytotactin plays a primordial role in synaptogenesis, at least during nerve regeneration and reinnervation in the adult neuromuscular system.