Marine copepod diversity patterns and the metabolic theory of ecology |
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Authors: | Isabelle Rombouts Grégory Beaugrand Frédéric Ibaňez Sanae Chiba Louis Legendre |
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Institution: | (1) Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, PO Box 17, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;(2) Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;(3) Suonenjoki Research Unit, Finnish Forest Research Institute, Juntintie 154, 77600 Suonenjoki, Finland;(4) Vantaa Research Unit, Finnish Forest Research Institute, PO Box 18, 01301 Vantaa, Finland;(5) Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland |
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Abstract: | The ongoing climate change has improved our understanding of how climate affects the reproduction of animals. However, the
interaction between food availability and climate on breeding has rarely been examined. While it has been shown that breeding
of boreal birds of prey is first and foremost determined by prey abundance, little information exists on how climatic conditions
influence this relationship. We studied the joint effects of main prey abundance and ambient weather on timing of breeding
and reproductive success of two smaller (pygmy owl Glaucidium passerinum and Tengmalm’s owl Aegolius funereus) and two larger (tawny owl Strix aluco and Ural owl Strix uralensis) avian predator species using long-term nation-wide datasets during 1973–2004. We found no temporal trend either in vole
abundance or in hatching date and brood size of any studied owl species. In the larger species, increasing late winter or
early spring temperature advanced breeding at least as much as did high autumn abundance of prey (voles). Furthermore, increasing
snow depth delayed breeding of the largest species (Ural owl), presumably by reducing the availability of voles. Brood size
was strongly determined by spring vole abundance in all four owl species. These results show that climate directly affects
the breeding performance of vole-eating boreal avian predators much more than previously thought. According to earlier studies,
small-sized species should advance their breeding more than larger species in response to increasing temperature. However,
we found an opposite pattern, with larger species being more sensitive to temperature. We argue that this pattern is caused
by a difference in the breeding tactics of larger mostly capital breeding and smaller mostly income breeding owl species. |
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