Neuroimaging in acute liver failure |
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Authors: | Chavarria Laia Alonso Juli Rovira Alex Córdoba Juan |
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Affiliation: | a Servei de Medicina Interna-Hepatologia, Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Vall d’Hebron Institut of Research (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain b Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain c Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain d Servei de Ressonància Magnètica (Institut de Diagnòstic per la Imatge), Departament de Radiologia, Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain |
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Abstract: | Acute liver failure (ALF) is frequently complicated by the development of brain edema that can lead to intracranial hypertension and severe brain injury. Neuroimaging techniques allow a none-invasive assessment of brain tissue and cerebral hemodynamics by means of transcranial Doppler ultrasonography, magnetic resonance and nuclear imaging with radioligands. These methods have been very helpful to unravel the pathogenesis of this process and have been applied to patients and experimental models. They allow monitoring the outcome of patients with ALF and neurological manifestations. The increase in brain water can be detected by observing changes in brain volume and disturbances in diffusion weighted imaging. Neurometabolic changes are detected by magnetic resonance spectroscopy, which provides a pattern of abnormalities characterized by an increase in glutamine and a decrease in myo-inositol. Disturbances in cerebral blood flow are depicted by SPECT or PET and can be monitored and the bedside by assessing the characteristics of the waveform provided by transcranial Doppler ultrasonography. Neuroimaging methods, which are rapidly evolving, will undoubtedly lead to future diagnostic and therapeutic progress that could be very helpful for patients with ALF. |
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Keywords: | ACLF, acute-on-chronic liver failure ADC, apparent diffusion coefficient ALF, acute liver failure CBF, cerebral blood flow Cho, choline compounds CLF, chronic liver failure CPP, cerbral perfusion pressure Cr, creatine compounds CT, computed tomography FA, fractional anisotropy Glx, glutamate and glutamine HE, hepatic encephalopathy ICP, intracranial pressure MD, mean diffusivity mIns, myo-inositol MR, magnetic resonance MRI, magnetic resonance imaging MRS, magnetic resonance spectroscopy NAA, N-acetylaspartate PET, positron emission tomography SPECT, single photon emission computed tomography TCD, transcranial Doppler |
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