A tryptophan that modulates tetrahydrobiopterin-dependent electron transfer in nitric oxide synthase regulates enzyme catalysis by additional mechanisms

Nitric oxide synthases (NOSs) are flavo-heme enzymes that require (6R)-tetrahydrobiopterin (H(4)B) for activity. Our single-catalytic turnover study with the inducible NOS oxygenase domain showed that a conserved Trp that interacts with H(4)B (Trp457 in mouse inducible NOS) regulates the kinetics of electron transfer between H(4)B and an enzyme heme-dioxy intermediate, and this in turn alters the kinetics and extent of Arg hydroxylation [Wang, Z.-Q., et al. (2001) Biochemistry 40, 12819-12825]. To investigate the impact of these effects on NADPH-driven NO synthesis by NOS, we generated and characterized the W457A mutant of inducible NOS and the corresponding W678A and W678F mutants of neuronal NOS. Mutant defects in protein solubility and dimerization were overcome by purifying them in the presence of sufficient Arg and H(4)B, enabling us to study their physical and catalytic profiles. Optical spectra of the ferric, ferrous, heme-dioxy, ferrous-NO, ferric-NO, and ferrous-CO forms of each mutant were similar to that of the wild type. However, the mutants had higher apparent K(m) values for H(4)B and in one mutant for Arg (W457A). They all had lower NO synthesis activities, uncoupled NADPH consumption, and a slower and less prominent buildup of enzyme heme-NO complex during steady-state catalysis. Further analyses showed the mutants had normal or near-normal heme midpoint potential and heme-NO complex reactivity with O(2), but had somewhat slower ferric heme reduction rates and markedly slower reactivities of their heme-dioxy intermediate. We conclude that the conserved Trp (1) has similar roles in two different NOS isozymes and (2) regulates delivery of both electrons required for O(2) activation (i.e., kinetics of ferric heme reduction by the NOS flavoprotein domain and reduction of the heme-dioxy intermediate by H(4)B). However, its regulation of H(4)B electron transfer is most important because this ensures efficient coupling of NADPH oxidation and NO synthesis by NOS.