Genetic population structure in olive fly Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin): gene flow and patterns of geographic differentiation

Four wild Spanish populations of Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin) (Dipt., Tephritidae) were studied by gel electrophoresis, in order to find out their population genetic structure and the relative importance of gene flow in that structure. A great amount of genetic variability was observed. In terms of the pattern of the genetic variability in our populations, the most noticeable characteristics were the similarity of the configuration of allelic frequencies from locality to locality, the existence of exceptions and quantitative differences within that similarity, and the heterogeneity among the variable loci. Gene flow estimated from Wright's method gave a value of Nm = 8.9. However, the F _ST statistic in three of the loci ranged from 0.0451 to 0.0620 indicating a substantial degree of differentiation among populations (P < 0.001). The present observations seem to support the hypothesis that although gene flow could be high ( Nm = 8.9), 'natural' selection, probably due to agricultural practices, may be the major factor responsible for the pattern of the genetic variability observed in B. oleae .